UNIT I: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology 1. Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the "Internal Environment" Cells Are the Living Units of the Body Extracellular Fluid-The "Internal Environment" Homeostasis-Maintenance of a Stable Internal Environment Control Systems of the Body Physiological Variability 2. The Cell and Its Functions Organization of the Cell Cell Structure Functional Systems of the Cell Locomotion of Cells 3. Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction Cell Nucleus Genes Control Protein Synthesis Transcription-Transfer of Cell Nucleus DNA Code to Cytoplasm RNA Code Translation-Formation of Proteins on the Ribosomes Protein Enzymes Control Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell Regulation of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells The DNA-Genetic System Controls Cell Reproduction Cell Differentiation Apoptosis-Programmed Cell Death Cancer UNIT II: Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle 4. Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes The Cell Membrane Is a Lipid Bilayer With Cell Membrane Transport Proteins Diffusion Active Transport of Substances Through Membranes 5. Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons Neuron Action Potential Propagation of the Action Potential Importance of Energy Metabolism for Reestablishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials Are Completed Plateau in Some Action Potentials Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues-Repetitive Discharge Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks Excitation-The Process of Eliciting the Action Potential 6. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Physiological Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Contraction Energetics of Muscle Contraction Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction 7. Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling Neuromuscular Junction and Transmission of Impulses From Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers Muscle Action Potential Excitation-Contraction Coupling 8.

Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle Contraction of Smooth Muscle Regulation of Contraction By Calcium Ions Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction UNIT III: The Heart 9. Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves Cardiac Muscle Physiology The Cardiac Cycle Regulation of Heart Pumping 10. Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart 11. Fundamentals of Electrocardiography Waveforms of the Normal Electrocardiogram Flow of Current Around the Heart During the Cardiac Cycle Electrocardiographic Leads 12. Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS and Its Significance Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex Current of Injury on the Electrocardiogram Abnormalities in the T Wave 13. Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation Abnormal Sinus Rhythms Heart Block Within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways Premature Contractions Paroxysmal Tachycardia Ventricular Fibrillation Atrial Fibrillation Atrial Flutter Cardiac Arrest UNIT IV: The Circulation 14. Overview of the Circulation: Pressure, Flow, and Resistance Physical Characteristics of the Circulation Basic Principles of Circulatory Function Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance 15. Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems Vascular Distensibility Arterial Pressure Pulsations Veins and Their Functions 16.

The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System Vasomotion Causes Intermittent Capillary Blood Flow Exchange of Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries Lymphatic System 17. Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow Local Blood Flow Is Controlled in Response to Tissue Needs Mechanisms of Local Blood Flow Control Humoral Control of the Circulation 18. Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure Nervous Regulation of the Circulation Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure 19. Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Arterial Pressure Control Summary of Integrated Multifaceted Systems for Arterial Pressure Regulation 20. Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity Control of Cardiac Output By Venous Return-Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output 21. Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; The Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise Coronary Circulation 22. Heart Failure Circulatory Dynamics in Heart Failure Unilateral Left Heart Failure Low-Output Cardiac Failure-Cardiogenic Shock Edema in Patients With Heart Failure Cardiac Reserve Quantitative Graphic Analysis of Cardiac Failure Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction High-Output Heart Failure 23. Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects Heart Sounds Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects Use of Extracorporeal Circulation During Cardiac Surgery Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease 24.

Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment Physiological Causes of Shock Hypovolemic Shock Due to Hemorrhage Distributive Shock Is Characterized By Severe Peripheral Vasodilation Obstructive Shock Is Usually Due to Noncardiac Causes of Reduced Cardiac Output Physiology of Treatment in Shock Circulatory Arrest UNIT V: The Body Fluids and Kidneys 25. Regulation of Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema Long-Term Steady-State Fluid and Solute Balance Body Fluid Compartments Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids Measurement of Body Fluid Volume-Indicator-Dilution Principle Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States Glucose and Other Solutions for Nutrition Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues Fluids in Potential Spaces of the Body 26. The Urinary System: Functional Anatomy and Urine Formation By the Kidneys Functions of the Kidneys Physiological Anatomy of the Kidneys Urine Formation Results From Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion Micturition 27. Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control Glomerular Filtration-The First Step in Urine Formation Determinants of GFR Renal Blood Flow Physiological Control of GFR and Renal Blood Flow Autoregulation of GFR and Renal Blood Flow 28. Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion Tubular Reabsorption Is Quantitatively Large and Highly Selective Passive and Active Mechanisms of Reabsorption Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function 29. Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration Excretion of Excess Water by Dilute Urine Conservation of Water by Concentrated Urine Countercurrent Multiplier Mechanism Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration 30. Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume Regulation of Internal Potassium Distribution Renal Potassium Excretion Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration Renal Phosphate Excretion Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid and Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Nervous and Hormonal Factors in Renal-Body Fluid Feedback Control Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake Conditions Causing Large Increases in Blood and Extracellular Fluid Volume.