Preface v Introduction vii 1 Multiplication: Getting started 1 2 Using a reference number 12 3 Numbers above the reference number 21 4 Multiplying above & below the reference number 30 5 Checking your answers 36 6 Multiplication using any reference number 46 7 Multiplying lower numbers 64 8 Multiplication by 11 75 9 Multiplying decimals 83 10 Multiplication using two reference numbers 94 11 Using factors with two reference numbers 116 12 Addition 124 13 Subtraction 135 14 Calculating left to right 154 15 Simple division 166 16 Long division by factors 191 17 Standard long division made easy 201 18 Direct long division 209 19 Long division by adding 220 20 Checking answers (division) 244 21 Fractions made easy 252 22 Direct multiplication 266 23 Putting it all into practice 276 Appendix A: Using the methods in the classroom 280 Appendix B: Working through a problem 284 Appendix C: Learn the 13, 14 and 15 times tables287 Appendix D: Tests for divisibility 289 Appendix E: Keeping count 293 Appendix F: Plus and minus numbers 295 Appendix G: Percentages 297 Appendix H: Hints for learning 302 Appendix I: Estimating 304 Appendix J: Squaring numbers ending in 5 307 Appendix K: Mathematical terms (glossary) 310 Appendix L: Practice sheets 313 Afterword321 Acknowledgements324.