Preface xvii Part I 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 General Introduction to ''Claims'' 3 1.1.1 General 4 1.1.2 Contractual Claims 4 1.1.3 Extension of Time and Loss and/or Expense 5 1.

1.4 Variations 6 1.1.5 Unexpected Problems 6 1.2 Standard Forms of Contract Considered in This Book 7 1.2.1 JCT 2016 Contracts 8 1.2.

2 NEC4 Contracts 9 1.3 Types of Claims by the Contractor 11 1.3.1 Contractual Claims 11 1.3.2 Common Law Claims 11 1.3.3 Quantum meruit Claims [Detailed Text Transferred to 4.

5] 12 1.3.4 Ex gratia Claims 12 1.4 Types of Claims by the Employer 13 1.4.1 Delay Damages 13 1.4.2 Low Performance Damages 13 1.

4.3 Reduction of the Contract Price for Non-CompliantWork 14 1.4.4 Other Claims 14 1.5 Structure of This Book 15 2 General Principles 17 2.1 Entitlement 17 2.1.1 Contractual Entitlement 17 2.

1.2 Duty, Breach, Causation and Loss 20 2.2 The Burden of Proof 21 2.2.1 The Burden of Proof 21 2.2.2 Res Ipsa Loquitur - It Speaks for Itself 21 2.3 Causation 22 2.

4 Categories of Claim 24 2.4.1 Prolongation 26 2.4.2 Disruption 28 2.5 The ''Knock-on'' Effect 29 2.6 Damages 32 2.7 Mitigation [Prev 6.

4] 33 2.7.1 Mitigation of Delay 33 2.7.2 Mitigation of Costs 34 2.8 Betterment 36 2.9 Notices 37 2.9.

1 Requirement for Notice 38 2.9.2 Time Bar Clauses 39 2.9.3 Whether a Condition Precedent 41 2.9.4 Waiving the Requirement for Notice 42 2.9.

5 Essential Elements of a Notice 43 2.9.6 Giving, Issue and Receipt of Notices 45 3 Time 47 3.1 General Points 47 3.1.1 Time Obligations in Building Contracts 47 3.1.2 Commencement Obligations 48 3.

1.3 Progress Obligations 49 3.1.4 Completion Obligations (Including Partial Possession) 53 3.1.5 Time at Large 56 3.1.6 Time of the Essence 59 3.

2 Extension of Time Clauses in Building Contracts 60 3.2.1 Basic Principles 60 3.2.2 The Prevention Principle 61 3.2.3 Onerous Clauses 62 3.2.

4 Further Delays During a Period of Culpable Delay 62 3.3 Critical Path Analysis and Planning Software 63 3.4 The Society of Construction Law Delay and Disruption Protocol 66 3.5 Methods of Delay Analysis 67 3.5.1 Initial Steps: The Programme 67 3.5.2 Impacted as-Planned 74 3.

5.3 Time Impact Analysis 77 3.5.4 As-built v As-planned 84 3.5.5 Collapsed As-built 87 3.5.5.

1 Summary of Delay Analysis Methods 93 3.6 Float 95 3.6.1 ''Financial'' Effects of Using up Float 97 3.6.2 ''Time'' Effects of Using up Float 98 3.7 Concurrency 99 3.8 Acceleration 101 3.

8.1 Introduction 101 3.8.2 Acceleration by Agreement or Instruction 102 3.8.3 Unilateral Acceleration 105 3.8.4 Constructive Acceleration 105 3.

9 Sectional Completion 108 3.9.1 Where There Is a Single Date for Completion 108 3.9.2 Dependent Sections 109 3.10 ''Milestone'' or Key Dates 112 3.11 Foreshortened Programme 113 3.11.

1 Contractor''s Obligation to Complete 113 3.11.2 If the Contractor Could Have Completed Earlier 114 3.11.3 Late Information 115 4 Financial Compensation: Recovery of Direct Loss and/or Expense or Additional Costs 119 4.1 Definition 119 4.1.1 JCT 2016 v NEC4 Contracts - Different Approaches 120 4.

1.2 JCT 2016 Contracts - ''Direct Loss and/or Expense'' 120 4.1.3 NEC4 - ''Change in the Prices'' 121 4.2 Direct v Indirect 122 4.3 Exclusion of Indirect or Consequential Loss 123 4.4 The More Common Heads of Loss 126 4.4.

1 General Principles 126 4.4.2 Prolongation Costs 126 4.4.2.1 On-site Establishment Costs 127 4.4.2.

2 Management Personnel Costs 128 4.4.2.3 Plant 129 4.4.2.4 WinterWorking 132 4.4.

2.5 Head Office Overheads 132 4.4.2.6 Loss of Profit 137 4.4.3 Disruption Costs - UneconomicWorking 138 4.4.

4 Other Costs 141 4.4.4.1 Increased Costs 141 4.4.4.2 Interest 143 4.4.

4.3 Financing Charges 144 4.4.5 Costs of a Claim 145 4.4.6 Sub-Contractor Claims 147 4.5 Quantum Meruit Claims 148 4.5.

1 Circumstances Giving Rise to Quantum Meruit Claims 148 4.5.2 Valuation of Quantum Meruit Claims 149 4.6 Exclusive Remedy Clauses 150 4.7 Claims at Termination of Contractor''s Employment 151 4.7.1 Termination Claims Under JCT 2016 Contracts 151 4.7.

2 Termination Claims Under NEC4 156 5 Claims for Variations Under the Contract, Acceleration, Bonus Clauses and Contractor''s Share 161 5.1 Definitions and Scope 161 5.1.1 Definition of a ''Variation'' 162 5.1.2 Scope of a ''Variation'' - Contract Documents 164 5.1.3 Scope of a Variation - Bills of Quantities 166 5.

1.4 Other Pricing Documents 172 5.2 JCT 2016 Contracts - Definitions of Variations 172 5.2.1 Alteration of Design, Quality or Quantity of theWork 172 5.2.2 Changes or Restrictions Imposed by the Employer 175 5.2.

3 Instructions and Other Circumstances Giving Rise to a ''Variation'' 178 5.2.3.1 Corrections to Contract Documents (Resolving Discrepancies, Ambiguities, Inadequacies, etc.) 179 5.2.3.2 Instructions 183 5.

2.3.3 Design Submission Procedure and Contractor''s Designed Portion (''CDP'') 191 5.3 NEC4 Contracts - Definition of ''Compensation Events'' (Including Variations) 193 5.3.1 NEC4 - Compensation Events 193 5.3.2 NEC4 - Compensation Event Procedure 196 5.

4 Valuation Under JCT 2016 Contracts 203 5.4.1 The ''Valuation Rules'' and Their Application 206 5.4.1.1 Valuation by Measurement 207 5.4.1.

2 If theWork Cannot be Measured - Valuation on a Daywork Basis 212 5.4.1.3 Valuation of the Contractor''s Design (Including the ''Contractor''s Designed Portion'') and ''Provisional Sums'' 214 5.4.2 Variation and Acceleration Quotations and Contractor''s Estimates 217 5.5 Valuation Under NEC4 Contracts (Including ''Contractor''s Share'') 221 5.5.

1 Assessing Changes to the Prices 223 5.5.2 Contractor''s Share (Options C and D) and Incentive Payment (Option X22) 230 5.6 Acceleration Provisions 233 5.6.1 Acceleration Under JCT SBC/Q 2016 and JCT DB 2016 233 5.6.2 Acceleration Under NEC4 234 5.

6.3 Summary of Acceleration Provisions 234 5.7 Bonus Clauses 235 5.7.1 Contractor''s Share 236 5.7.2 Early Completion Bonus 236 5.7.

3 ''Budget Incentive'' for Early Contractor Involvement (Option X22) 236 5.7.4 Bonus Clauses and Acts of Prevention 237 6 Basis for Common Law Claims 239 6.1 General 239 6.1.1 Authority of Employer or His Representative 241 6.1.2 Effect of ''Final Certificates'' 242 6.

2 Implied Terms 243 6.2.1 General Principles 243 6.2.2 Terms Implied (or Imposed) by Statute 244 6.2.3 Common Law (Case Law) 245 6.2.

4 Other Bases for Implied Terms in Building Contracts 249 6.3 Variation of the Contract Itself (Not a Variation Under the Terms of the Contract) 249 6.4 Omission ofWork to Give it to Others 250 6.5 ExtraWork 253 6.6 Possession of the Site 255 6.6.1 General Position 255 6.6.

2 Sufficient Possession 255 6.6.3 Failure to Give Possession 256 6.6.4 Deferring Possession and Suspension by the Employer 257 6.7 Incorrect Information 258 6.7.1 Basis of Claim 258 6.

7.2 Provision of Correct Information 258 7 Global Claims 263 7.1 General Points 263 7.2 Basic Principles of Global Claims 263 7.3 The Current Position 265 7.4 Summary 267 8 Employer Claims Against the Contractor 269 8.1 General 269 8.2 Delay Damages (Liquidated damages) for Late Completion 270 8.

2.1 The Meaning and Purpose of Liquidated Damages 270 8.2.2 Liquidated Damages Clauses Must be Clear and Unambiguous 272 8.2.3 ''Liquidated Damages'' or a ''Penalty'' 273 8.2.4 The Sum Expressed as Liquidated Damages and its Calculation 276 8.

2.5 Liquidated Damages as the Only Remedy 279 8.2.6 Where There Is Partial Possession 280 8.2.7 Maximum Recovery - Including a Damages ''cap'' 282 8.3 Procedures for Deducting Liquidated Damages for Late Completion 284 8.3.

1 General Points 284 8.3.2 Liquidated Damages Under JCT 2016 Contracts 284 8.3.3 Liquidated Damages Under NEC4 286 8.3.4 Damages for Late Completion Summary 288 8.4 Defences to Liquidated Damages for Late Completion 288 8.

4.1 By Agreement 288 8.4.2 Deficiencies in the Building Contract 291 8.4.3 Employer Failing to Observe the Contract Terms 291 8.4.4 Time Has Been Extended 292 8.

4.5 Time Is at Large 292 8.4.6 The Contract Is Terminated 293 8.4.7 The Stipulated Sum Is Actually a Penalty 294 8.5 Defects: Reduction/Abatement of the Contract Price 295 8.5.

1 General Points 295 8.5.2 Abatement/Reduction of the Contract Price 295 8.5.3 Abatement Under JCT 2016 Contracts 296 8.5.4 Abatement Under NEC4 297 8.5.

5 Costs of Rectifying DefectiveWork 298 8.6 Employer Claims for Other Breaches of Contract 300 8.6.1 Liquidated Damages for Failing to Construct theWork to a Specified Area (m2 or ft2) 300 8.6.2 Other Damages and Costs Payable Under NEC4 301 9 Duties o.