Preface Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Intergenerational issues 1.2 Positioning in research history 1.3 Challenges in intergenerational issues and the approach of this book 1.3.1 The temporal location of future people 1.3.2 Ignorance about future generations 1.

3.3 The contingency of future people 1.3.4 Difficulties in realizing intergenerational ethics 1.3.5 Approach of this book 1.4 Organization of chapters Chapter 2: Duty and reciprocity in intergenerational ethics 2.1 Introduction 2.

2 Intergenerational ethics as a duty 2.2.1 Non-identity problem 2.2.2 Acceptance, impersonal ethics 2.2.3 Reinterpretation of the concept of harm - Intergenerational ethics as a common understanding within the present generation 2.3 The problem of intergenerational ethics as a duty 2.

3.1 Akrasia 2.3.2 Incentives 2.3.3 Countermeasures 2.4 Reciprocity among generations 2.4.

1 Reciprocity 2.4.2 Descending and ascending reciprocity 2.4.3 Disadvantages of descending and ascending reciprocity 2.5 Direct intergenerational reciprocity 2.5.1 The value of humanity''s survival after one''s own death 2.

5.2 Public reciprocity - sharing of rules between different generations 2.5.3 Developing a multi-generation model based on public reciprocity - an example of the exhaustible natural resources model 2.5.4 Comparison with Robert Barro (1974) 2.6 Conclusions and remaining Issues Chapter 3: Developing intergenerational cooperation based on public reciprocity - intergenerational cooperation through Kantian categorical imperative 3.1 Introduction 3.

2 Previous studies and methods of this chapter 3.2.1 Intergenerational relationships 3.2.2 Public goods 3.2.3 Sequential decision 3.3 Possibilities and difficulties of intergenerational cooperation 3.

3.1 Intergenerational savings transfer model 3.3.2 Subgame perfect equilibrium as a reference point 3.3.3 Possibilities and difficulties of intergenerational cooperation 3.4 Economic experiment 3.4.

1 Setting, hypothesis 3.4.2 Summary of results 3.4.3 Interpretation 3.5 Intergenerational cooperation through Kantian categorical imperative 3.5.1 Model extensions 3.

5.2 Discussion 1 (Kantian categorical imperative) 3.5.3 Discussion 2 (welfare analysis) 3.5.4 Discussion 3 (application to public policies, business managements, etc.) 3.5.

5 Discussion 4 (points to be noted) 3.6 Conclusions and remaining issues Appendix 1: Intergenerational negotiations Appendix 2: The role of personality in intergenerational issues Chapter 4: Considerations for policy decisions related to multiple generations: an examination through economic experiments on fiscal policy 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Approach of this chapter and previous studies 4.2.1 Experiments 4.2.2 Silver democracy 4.

2.3 Deliberation, intergenerational negotiations 4.3 Experiments on fiscal policy 4.3.1 Setup 4.3.2 Summary of results 4.4 Interpretation 4.

4.1 Preparation of interpretation 4.4.2 Packaging of policies 4.4.3 Personal interests or judgements distinct from personal interests 4.4.4 Information provided to participants 4.

4.5 Age and selection of fiscal policy 4.4.6 Occupation and selection of fiscal policy 4.4.7 Optimism bias 4.4.8 Excuse of "agnosticism" on future generations 4.

4.9 Deliberation and imaginary future generations (IFGs) 4.5 Seven keys to solving long-term fiscal problems 4.5.1 Importance of basing the discussion on the trade-off between benefits and burdens 4.5.2 Necessity of a system that leads to a greater role of public judgments, particularly that represents voices of future generations which are not heard in conventional deliberation 4.5.

3 Effectiveness of persuading to support sustainable policies based on personal interests 4.5.4 Concern that the younger does not necessarily respect the voices of future generations 4.5.5 The "privatization" of policies as a dilemma and its countermeasures 4.5.6 Importance of problems which the disadvantaged face 4.5.

7 Necessity of sharing appropriate economic views and understanding fiscal policies as problems of resources not of values 4.6 Generalization of the keys in policies involving multiple generations, such as climate change 4.7 Conclusions and remaining issues Appendix 3: What do people say when they become "future people"? Chapter 5: The meaning of equal treatment of present and future events - time discounting 5.1 Kenneth Arrow''s conflict of basic principles of morality 5.2 Equal treatment principle and time discounts compatible with the principle 5.2.1 Various concepts of discounting 5.2.

2 Discounts from loss of controllability of events 5.3 Intervention of subsequent decision-makers 5.3.1 The concept 5.3.2 Emergence of time discounting (1) 5.3.3 Emergence of time discounting (2) - discounts under the principle of equal treatment 5.

4 Natural hazard 5.4.1 Relationship between hazard and time discounting 5.4.2 How can the hazard rate be reduced? 5.4.3 What hazard do social decisions face? 5.4.

4 Policy implications 5.5 Disengagement from utilitarianism and time discounting 5.5.1 Methodology 1 5.5.2 Methodology 2 under various principles expressing the principle of equal treatment 5.6 Conclusions and remaining issues Chapter 6 Conclusion 6.1 General remarks 6.

2 Prospects for further research 6.3 Conclusion - Do not use the unborn as a tool References Postscript.