Preface iii Part 1 1 The World of Psychological Testing, 3 Introduction, 3 Major Categories of Tests, 4 Some Additional Ways to Categorize Tests, 6 Uses and Users of Tests, 8 Major Issues: Assumptions and Questions, 10 Basic Assumptions, 10 Fundamental Questions, 12 The Differential Perspective, 13 The Historical Perspective, 13 Remote Background: Up to 1840, 14 Setting the Stage: 1840-1880, 15 The Roots: 1880-1915, 17 The Flowering: 1915-1940, 19 Consolidation: 1940-1965, 21 Just Yesterday: 1965-2000, 22 And Now: 2000-Present, 23 Major Forces, 24 The Scientific Impulse, 24 Concern for the Individual, 24 Practical Applications, 25 Statistical Methodology, 25 The Rise of Clinical Psychology, 25 Computers, 25 By Way of Definition, 28 Summary, 29 Key Terms, 30 Exercises, 30 2 Sources of Information About Tests, 32 Two Common Problems Requiring Information About Tests, 32 A Test''s Introductory Kit, 33 Comprehensive Lists of Tests, 34 Test Collection at ETS, 34 PsycTESTS, 35 Health and Psychosocial Instruments (HaPI), 35 Tests in Print, 36 Systematic Reviews, 37 Buros Reviews Available Electronically, 37 Some Other Sources of Reviews, 38 Special-Purpose Collections, 38 Books About Single Tests, 39 Textbooks on Testing, 40 Journals, 40 Publishers'' Catalogs and Personnel, 42 Other Users, 42 Strengths and Shortcomings of the Sources, 43 Summary, 44 Key Terms, 44 Exercises, 44 3 Test Norms, 47 Purpose of Norms, 47 Review of Statistics: Part 1, 48 Variables, 48 Types of Scales, 49 Organization of Raw Data, 50 Central Tendency, 51 Variability, 52 z-Scores, 53 Shapes of Distributions, 54 The Raw Score, 55 The Special Case of Theta (θ), 56 Types of Norms, 57 Percentile Ranks and Percentiles, 59 Standard Scores, 63 Developmental Norms, 69 Examples of Norm Tables, 72 Interpretive Reports and Norms, 72 Innovative Ways to Interpret Test Performance, 74 What to Read?, 74 Ready or Not?, 75 Depressed or Not?, 75 What Job for You?, 75 Conclusion, 75 Norm Groups, 76 National Norms, 76 International Norms, 76 Convenience Norm Groups, 76 User Norms, 77 Subgroup Norms, 77 Local Norms, 77 Institutional Norms, 78 Criterion-Referenced Interpretation, 79 The Standardization Group: Determining Its Usefulness, 80 Summary, 83 Key Terms, 84 Exercises, 84 4 Reliability, 86 Introduction, 86 Four Important Distinctions, 87 Review of Statistics: Part 2--Correlation and Prediction, 88 Bivariate Distribution and Correlation Coefficients, 88 Regression Line, 90 Factors Affecting Correlation Coefficients, 92 Major Sources of Unreliability, 96 Test Scoring, 96 Test Content, 98 Test Administration Conditions, 98 Personal Conditions, 99 Conceptual Framework: True Score Theory, 99 Methods of Determining Reliability, 101 Test-Retest Reliability, 101 Inter-Scorer Reliability, 102 Alternate Form Reliability, 103 Internal Consistency Reliability, 104 Split-Half Reliability, 104 Kuder-Richardson Formulas, 105 Coefficient Alpha, 106 Three Important Conclusions, 108 The Standard Error of Measurement, 108 Confidence Bands, 109 Appropriate Units for SEM, 109 Standard Errors: Three Types, 110 Some Special Issues in Reliability, 111 Reliability in Item Response Theory, 113 Generalizability Theory, 114 Factors Affecting Reliability Coefficients, 115 How High Should Reliability Be?, 115 Summary, 116 Key Terms, 117 Exercises, 117 5 Validity, 119 Introduction, 119 Refining the Definition of Validity, 120 Construct Underrepresentation and Construct-Irrelevant Variance, 121 The Basic Issue, 122 The Traditional and Newer Classifications of Types of Validity Evidence, 123 The Issue of Face Validity, 124 Content Validity, 124 Application to Achievement Tests, 124 Instructional Validity, 126 Application to Employment Tests, 127 Content Validity in Other Areas, 128 Problems with Content Validity, 128 Criterion-Related Validity, 129 External, Realistic Criterion, 130 Contrasted Groups, 132 Correlations with Other Tests, 133 Special Considerations for Interpreting Criterion-Related Validity, 134 The Reliability-Validity Relationship, 135 Combining Information from Different Tests, 138 Decision Theory: Basic Concepts and Terms, 141 Hits, False Positives, and False Negatives, 142 Base Rate, 143 Sensitivity and Specificity, 144 Construct Validity, 145 Internal Structure, 146 Factor Analysis, 146 Response Processes, 148 Effect of Experimental Variables, 148 Developmental Changes, 149 Consequential Validity, 149 Test Bias as Part of Validity, 150 The Practical Concerns, 151 Integrating the Evidence, 151 In the Final Analysis: A Relative Standard, 152 Summary, 152 Key Terms, 153 Exercises, 153 6 Test Development and Item Analysis, 155 Introduction, 155 Defining the Test''s Purpose, 156 Preliminary Design Issues, 157 Origin of New Tests, 158 Item Preparation, 159 Types of Test Items, 160 Selected-Response Items, 160 Scoring Selected-Response Items, 162 Constructed-Response Items, 162 Scoring Constructed-Response Items, 163 The Pros and Cons of Selected-Response versus Constructed-Response Items, 166 Suggestions for Writing Selected-Response Items, 167 Suggestions for Writing Constructed-Response Items, 167 Some Practical Considerations in Writing Items, 168 Technology-based Innovations in Item Structure, 169 Item Analysis, 169 Item Tryout, 170 Item Statistics, 170 Item Difficulty, 171 Item Discrimination, 171 Examples of Item Statistics, 172 Item Statistics in Item Response Theory, 174 Factor Analysis as an Item Analysis Technique, 177 Item Selection, 178 Computer-Adaptive Testing, 181 Standardization and Ancillary Research Programs, 183 Preparation of Final Materials and Publication, 184 Summary, 185 Key Terms, 185 Exercises, 185 7 Fairness and Bias, 187 Fairness: Gaining Perspective, 187 Methods of Studying Test Fairness, 190 Panel Review, 191 Differential Item Functioning, 192 Differential Prediction, 194 Measurement Invariance, 196 Accommodations and Modifications, 197 Research on Accommodations, 198 Some Tentative Conclusions about Test Fairness, 199 Summary, 200 Key Terms, 201 Exercises, 201 Part 2 8 Cognitive Abilities: Individual Tests, 205 Some Cases, 205 Introduction to Cognitive Ability Tests, 206 Some Terminology, 206 Real-World Correlates of Cognitive Abilities, 207 Structure of Cognitive Abilities, 208 Uses and Characteristics of Individual Cognitive Ability Tests, 211 Typical Items in an Individual Intelligence Test, 213 The Wechsler Scales: An Overview, 215 Historical Introduction, 215 Weschsler''s Concept of Intelligence, 216 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Fourth Edition, 216 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Fifth Edition, 223 WISC versus WAIS, 223 Psychometric Characteristics of WISC-V, 224 The Stanford-Binet, 225 Transition to New Structure: SB4 and SB5, 225 Psychometric Characteristics of SB5, 226 Brief Individually Administered Tests of Mental Ability, 227 Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 227 Two Other Entries, 231 A Test of a Specific Cognitive Ability: The Wechsler Memory Scale, 231 Intellectual Disability, 235 Changing Terminology, 236 The Concept of Adaptive Behavior, 236 Definition of Intellectual Disability, 237 Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 238 Other Applications of Adaptive Behavior, 241 Infant and Early Childhood Tests, 241 Other Areas for Cognitive Ability Tests, 241 Trends in Individually Administered Cognitive Ability Tests, 242 Summary, 244 Key Terms, 244 Exercises, 244 9 Cognitive Abilities: Group Tests, 246 Some Cases, 246 Uses of Group-Administered Cognitive Ability Tests, 247 Common Characteristics of Group Cognitive Ability Tests, 248 Cognitive Ability Tests in School Testing Programs, 250 Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, 250 College Admissions Tests, 257 The SAT, 257 The ACT, 259 Graduate and Professional School Selection, 264 Graduate Record Examinations: General Test, 265 Military and Business Selection Tests, 269 Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, 270 Wonderlic Personnel Test, 272 Culture-Fair Tests of Cognitive Ability, 273 Intelligence Tests for Microcultures, 275 Generalizations About Group Cognitive Ability Tests, 276 Summary, 277 Key Terms, 278 Exercis.