"This book identifies a vital puzzle--why do American and European trade officials discriminate against formerly communist countries 100 percent of the time? This outcome is unexpected, given repeated institutional rule changes since the end of the Cold War. Horne provides a novel and compelling argument that demonstrates how and why individual beliefs and ideas matter in explaining policy outcomes." --Deborah K. Elms, Assistant Professor, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore "Why do government agencies fail to implement their own regulations? Cynthia M. Horne wrestles this critical question to the ground by examining how lingering Cold War perceptions of NMEs as 'the enemy' have reinforced trade discrimination. Her five case studies of formal trade rule changes, combined with a quantitative refutation of traditional political economy explanations, clearly illustrate the gap between formal rule changes and outcomes while exposing the explanatory importance of informal beliefs." --Alexandra Vacroux, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C.