INTRODUCTION From Drawings to Electronic Images Examples of Scientific and Technical Applications Measurement of Bubble Size Distributions In Situ Concentration of Cells in Bioreactors Fluorescence Measurements of Air-Water Gas Transfer Thermography in Botany Interferometric Measurements Ocean Wind Waves SAR Imaging X-Ray Astronomy with ROSAT High Precision Measurements of Robot Motion Optical Surface Profiling 3-D Retina Imaging Distribution of Chromosomes in Cell Nuclei Particle Tracking Velocimetry 3-D Flow Tomography Tools for Digital Image Processing The Interdisciplinary Nature of Image Processing Summary TASKS Concepts Goals for Scientific and Technical Applications of Image Processing Measuring Versus Recognizing Signals and Uncertainty Representation Models Hierarchy of Image Processing Tasks From Objects to Images Restoration and Reconstruction of Images From Images to Features From Features to Objects I. FROM OBJECTS TO IMAGES QUANTITATIVE VISUALIZATION Task Concepts Types of Radiation Radiometric Terms Surface-Related Interactions of Radiation with Matter Volume-Related Interactions of Radiation with Matter Procedures Illumination Techniques for Position and Size Measurements Illumination Techniques for Depth Measurements Illumination Techniques for Surface Orientation Measurements Thermal Imaging Imaging of Chemical Species Imaging of Various Material Properties Imaging of Motion and Flow Advanced Reference Material Classification of Light Radiation Light Sources Optical Properties IMAGE FORMATION Task Concepts Coordinate Systems Geometrical Optics Wave Optics Radiometry of Imaging Linear System Theory Procedures Planar 2-D Imaging 2-D Imaging: Surfaces in 3-D Space 3-D Imaging Advanced Reference Material Performance of Optical Systems Optical Design Programs IMAGING SENSORS Task Concepts Types of Detectors The Eye; Photometry Detector Performance Readout Techniques Noise and Signal Distortion Sensor Geometry Analog Digital Conversion Procedures Testing Spectral Sensitivity Testing Sensor Geometry Uniformity Criteria for Sensor Selection Advanced Reference Material Standard Analog-Output Sensors Digital-Output Sensors Line Sensors Hybrid Sensors Sensors for Invisible Radiation DIGITALIZATION AND QUANTIZATION Task Concepts Sampling Sampling Theorem in xt Space Sampling and the Correspondence Problem Sampling and Subpixel Accuracy Digital Images Quantization Procedures Sampling Strategies Reconstruction from Samples Standard Sampling Measuring PSF and OTF Measuring ADC Performance Measuring Sampling Geometry Advanced Reference Material Frame Grabber II. ENHANCING, RESTORING, AND RECONSTRUCTING IMAGES PIXELS Task Concepts Statistics Homogeneous Point Operations Inhomogeneous Point Operations Point Operations with Multichannel Images Procedures Interactive Grayvalue Evaluation Photometric Calibration Color Conversion Multichannel Image Calibration Windowing Test Patterns Noise Generation Advanced Reference Material GEOMETRY Task Concepts Geometric Transformations Interpolation Procedures Geometric Calibration Image Rotation Affine Transformation Correction of Geometric Distortion General Warping Advanced Reference Material RESTORATION AND RECONSTRUCTION Task Concepts Types of Distortion Radon Transformation and Fourier Slice Theorem Inverse Filtering Model-based Restoration Procedures TRANSMISSION, STORAGE, DATA BASES Task Concepts Redundancy and Information Global Transforms Lossless Coding Lossy Coding Procedures Compression of Image Data Image Transmission Image Data Bases Advanced Reference Material Analog Video Recording Digital Video Recording Common Image Formats III. FROM IMAGES TO FEATURES NEIGHBORHOODS Task Concepts General Definitions Convolution Recursive Convolution Rank-Value Filters Strategies for Adaptive Filtering Summary Procedures Filter Design Techniques Efficient Computation of Neighborhood Operations Filtering at Image Borders REGIONS Task Concepts General Properties of Smoothing Operators S Smoothing at Edges Procedures Box Filters Binomial Filters Cascaded Multistep Binomial Filters Cascaded Multigrid Binomial Filters Recursive Smoothing Normalized Convolution Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic Diffusion Filters Steerable Smoothing Filters Advanced Reference Material EDGES Task Concepts Principal Methods for Edge Detection Edge Models Subpixel Accurate Edge Detection Edges in Multi-Channel Images Regularized Edge Detection Procedures First-Order Derivation Second-Order Derivation Various Edge Detectors from Literature Morphological Edge Detectors Advanced Reference Material ORIENTATION Task Concepts Simple Neighborhoods Classification of Local Structures Vector Representation of Local Orientation First-Order Tensor Representation of Neighborhoods Procedures Set of Quadrature Filters Tensor Method Advanced Reference Material SCALE Task Concepts Procedures Gaussian Pyramid Introduction Algorithms for Pyramid Decomposition Filters for Pyramid Formation Interpolation Laplacian Pyramid Local Wave Number Wavelet Transformation Scale Space Steerable Filters Advanced Reference Material TEXTURE Task Concepts Procedures Variance Local Orientation Local Wave Number Fractal Description Autoregressive Modelling Advanced Reference Material IV. FROM FEATURES TO OBJECTS SEGMENTATION Task Concepts Procedures Pixel-Based Segmentation Region-Based Segmentation Edge-Based Segmentation Advanced Reference Material SIZE AND SHAPE Task Concepts Area-Based Representation Boundary-Based Representation Invariances Procedures Chain Code Moments Fourier Descriptors Morphology Advanced Reference Material MATCHING AND TRACKING Task Concepts Procedures Cross Correlation Particle Imaging Velocimetry Particle Tracking Velocimetry Advanced Reference Material CLASSIFICATION Task Concepts Operators Look-Up Classificator Box Classificator Minimum Distance Classificator Maximum Likelihood Classificator Advanced Reference Material APPENDICES MATHEMATICAL TOOLBOX Matrix Algebra Definitions The Overdetermined Discrete Inverse Problem Suggested Further Readings Fourier Transform Definition Properties of the Fourier Transform Important Fourier Transform Pairs Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Definition Important Properties Important Transform Pairs Random Variables and Fields Variation Calculus Glossary Index.