1 Introduction to the Flight Environment. 15 Introduction. 16 History of Aerodynamics. 16 Basic Quantities. 21 Forces. 22 Mass. 24 Scalar and Vector Quantities. 24 Scalar Addition.

24 Vector Addition. 25 Vector Resolution. 26 Moments. 27 Equilibrium Conditions. 28 Newton''s Laws of Motion. 29 Newton''s First Law. 29 Newton''s Second Law. 29 Newton''s Third Law.

30 Energy and Work. 30 Power. 31 Friction. 32 Introduction to Linear Motion. 33 introduction to Rotational Motion. 35 CHAPTER 1 Symbols. 36 CHAPTER 1 EQUATIONS. 37 CHAPTER 1 KEY TERMS.

37 CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS. 39 CHAPTER 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 42 2 Atmosphere, Altitude, and Airspeed Measurement. 44 PROPERTIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE. 44 Static Pressure. 45 Temperature. 46 Density. 48 Viscosity.

50 ICAO Standard Atmosphere. 50 Altitude Measurement. 51 Indicated Altitude. 51 Calibrated Altitude. 52 True Altitude. 52 Absolute Altitude. 52 Pressure Altitude. 53 Density Altitude.

54 Continuity Equation. 56 Bernoulli''s Equation. 57 Airspeed Measurement. 60 Indicated Airspeed. 63 Calibrated Airspeed. 63 Equivalent Airspeed. 64 True Airspeed. 64 Mach.

66 Groundspeed. 67 CHAPTER 2 Symbols. 67 CHAPTER 2 EQUATIONS. 68 CHAPTER 2 KEY TERMS. 69 CHAPTER 2 PROBLEMS. 70 CHAPTER 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 74 3 Structures, Airfoils, and Aerodynamic Forces. 75 AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES.

75 Primary Flight Controls. 76 Secondary Flight Controls. 83 AIRFOILS. 89 Airfoil Terminology. 90 Definitions. 90 Geometry Variables of Airfoils. 91 Classification of Airfoils. 93 DEVELOPMENT OF FORCES ON AIRFOILS.

96 Pressure Disturbances on Airfoils. 96 Velocity and Static Pressure Changes about an Airfoil 97 AERODYNAMIC FORCE. 98 Pressure Distribution on a Rotating Cylinder. 98 AERODYNAMIC PITCHING MOMENTS. 99 AERODYNAMIC CENTER. 102 ACCIDENT BRIEF: AIR MIDWEST FLIGHT 5481. 103 CHAPTER 3 SYMBOLS. 104 CHAPTER 3 KEY TERMS.

104 CHAPTER 3 PROBLEMS. 105 CHAPTER 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 109 4 Lift. 110 Introduction to Lift. 110 Angle of Attack. 111 Angle of Attack Indicator. 112 Accident Brief: Air France Flight 447. 114 Angle of Attack and Coefficient of Lift.

115 Boundary Layer Theory. 116 Coanda Effect. 119 Reynolds Number. 119 Adverse Pressure Gradient. 121 Airflow Separation. 122 Stall 124 Aerodynamic Force Equations. 126 Lift Equation. 126 Coefficient of Lift and the Lift Equation.

127 Velocity. 129 Lift Formula Summary. 131 Airfoil Lift Characteristics. 132 High Coefficient of Lift Devices. 133 Effect of Ice and Frost. 141 Lift During Flight Maneuvers. 142 Lift During Turns. 143 Lift During Climbs and Descents.

144 Lift and Balloons. 145 CHAPTER 4 Symbols. 147 CHAPTER 4 EQUATIONS. 148 CHAPTER 4 KEY TERMS. 148 CHAPTER 4 PROBLEMS. 149 CHAPTER 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 153 5 Drag. 155 Induced Drag.

155 Aspect Ratio. 158 Wingtip Vortices. 160 Infinite Wing. 161 Finite Wing. 162 Induced Drag Summary. 164 Ground Effect. 165 Airflow Alteration Around the Wing. 166 Pitching Moments.

167 Pitot-Static Influence. 168 Ground Effect Summary. 168 Parasite Drag. 170 Skin Friction Drag. 170 Laminar Flow Airfoils. 171 Form Drag. 174 Interference Drag. 175 Leakage Drag.

176 Parasite Drag Summary. 176 Drag Equation. 177 Induced and Parasite Drag Calculations. 178 Total Drag. 179 Lift-to-Drag Ratio. 181 ( L / D )max Summary. 185 Drag Reduction. 186 Winglet Design.

186 Winglet Application. 189 CHAPTER 5 Symbols. 190 CHAPTER 5 EQUATIONS. 191 CHAPTER 5 KEY TERMS. 191 CHAPTER 5 PROBLEMS. 193 CHAPTER 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 197 6 Jet Aircraft Performance. 199 Thrust-Producing Aircraft.

200 Turbine Engine Operation. 201 Thrust-Required Curve. 203 Principles of Propulsion. 204 Thrust-Available Turbojet Aircraft. 206 Thrust Variation and rpm. 206 Specific Fuel Consumption. 209 Fuel Flow. 211 Thrust-Available/Thrust-Required Curves.

211 Items of Aircraft Performance. 212 Straight and Level Flight. 212 Climb Performance. 213 Angle of Climb. 214 Rate of Climb. 215 Endurance. 218 Specific Range. 219 Wind Effect on Specific Range.

220 Total Range. 220 Variations in the Thrust-Required Curve. 221 Weight Changes. 222 Configuration Changes. 226 Altitude Changes. 228 Cruise-Climb Flight. 230 Afterburners and Vectored Thrust. 231 Jet Performance Summary.

232 CHAPTER 6 Symbols. 233 CHAPTER 6 EQUATIONS. 234 CHAPTER 6 KEY TERMS. 235 CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS. 235 CHAPTER 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 239 7 Propeller Aircraft Performance. 241 POWER AVAILABLE. 242 Basic Propeller Principles.

243 Fixed-Pitch Propeller. 245 Constant-Speed Propeller. 246 PRINCIPLES OF PROPULSION. 248 POWER-REQUIRED CURVES. 251 Power Available Versus Velocity. 253 Variations with Power and Altitude. 255 ITEMS OF AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE. 258 Straight and Level Flight.

258 Climb Performance. 258 Angle of Climb. 259 Rate of Climb. 261 Endurance. 263 Specific Range. 265 Wind Effect on Specific Range. 265 VARIATIONS IN THE POWER-REQUIRED CURVE. 266 Weight Changes.

266 Configuration Change. 270 Altitude Changes. 272 Propeller Performance Summary. 276 CHAPTER 7 SYMBOLS. 277 CHAPTER 7 EQUATIONS. 278 CHAPTER 7 KEY TERMS. 278 CHAPTER 7 PROBLEMS. 279 Chapter 7 Bibliography.

286 8 Takeoff Performance. 287 Normal Takeoff. 290 Crosswind Takeoff. 291 Performance Takeoffs. 293 Water Takeoffs. 295 Performance Speeds - Normal Takeoff. 296 Improper Liftoff. 297 Premature Takeoff in Ground Effect.

297 Dangers of Over-rotation. 298 Rejected Takeoffs. 298 RTO V-Speeds and Definitions. 299 Declared Distances. 302 Single-Engine Airplane. 303 Multi-Engine Airplane. 304 Rejected Takeoff Aerodynamics. 306 Initial Climb.

310 Linear Motion. 313 Factors Affecting Takeoff Performance. 316 Weight Change. 316 Altitude. 318 Wind. 319 Runway Surface. 322 Runway Slope. 323 CHAPTER 8 Symbols.

324 CHAPTER 8 EQUATIONS. 324 CHAPTER 8 kEY TERMS. 325 CHAPTER 8 PROBLEMS. 326 Chapter 8 Bibliography. 331 9 Landing Performance. 333 PRELANDING PERFORMANCE. 335 Gliding Flight. 336 The Landing Approach.

338 Stabilized Approaches. 339 Approach Glide Paths. 340 NORMAL LANDING. 345 Crosswind Landing. 345 Performance Landings. 347 IMPROPER LANDING PERFORMANCE. 349 Improper Round Out. 349 Bouncing and Ballooning.

350 Porpoising. 351 Rejected Landings (Go-arounds). 352 HAZARDS OF HYDROPLANING. 353 Dynamic Hydroplaning. 353 Viscous Hydroplaning. 356 Reverted Rubber Hydroplaning. 356 LANDING DECELERATION, VELOCITY, AND DISTANCE. 356 Forces on the Aircraft During Landing.

356 Braking Techniques. 361 Thrust Reversers. 361 LANDING EQUATIONS. 363 General Equation. 363 Effect of Weight Change. 364 Effect of Altitude. 365 Effect of Wind. 366 LANDING ENVIRONMENT.

369 Accident Brief: Southwest Airlines (SWA) Flight 1248. 369 Runway Surface. 370 Runway Slope. 373 CHAPTER 9 SYMBOLS. 373 CHAPTER 9 EQUATIONS. 373 CHAPTER 9 KEY TERMS. 374 CHAPTER 9 PROBLEMS. 375 Chapter 9 Bibliography.

380 10 Slow-Speed Flight. 382 Region of Reversed Command. 383 Thrust producers. 384 Power producers. 387 Stalls. 388 Stall Patterns. 388 Stall Warning Devices. 391 Stall Recovery.

391 Power-Off Stall 393 Power-On Stall 394 Accelerated Stall 395 Cross-Control Stall 396 Uncoordinated Flight. 397 Spins. 399 Spin Warning. 399 Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Spin. 401 Impact of Weight and Balance During a Spin. 404 Hazards During Slow-Speed Flight - Low-Level Wind Shear. 405 Aircraft Performance in Low-Level Wind Shear. 407 During Takeoff and Departure.

407 During Approach to a Landing. 409 Vertical Shear Level 410 Crosswind Burst Response. 412 Heavy Rain. 412 Hazards During Slow-Speed Flight - Turbulence. 413 Turbulence Effects. 413 Wake Turbulence. 413 Mechanical Turbulence. 416 Convection and Mountain Wave Turbulence.

417 Chapter 10 EQUATIONS. 419 Chapter 10 Key Terms. 419 Chapter 10 Problems. 420 Chapter 10 Bibliography. 424 11 Maneuvering Performance. 426 General Turning Performance. 426 Forces in Turns. 429 Load Factor.

430 Load Factors on an Aircraft in a Coordinated Turn. 432 Effect of a Coordinated Banked Turn on Stall Speed. 433 The V - G.