Preface Introduction Three Wars, Three Constitutions and Three Coups Between India and Afghanistan: Caught in a Pincer movement? The Pakistani Syndrome Part One: Nationalism without a Nation (Even without a People) Chapter 1: The Socio-Ethnic Origins of Indian Muslim Separatism - The Reform Phase (1857-1906) The Crushing of the 1857 Revolt and Reactions of the Muslim Elite From the Aligarh Movement to the Muslim League Muslimhood as a Communal Ideology Chapter 2: An Elite in Search of a State - and a Nation (1906-1947) Muslim Politics beyond the North Indian Elite Jinnah, the Congress and the Muslim-majority Provinces Majority Muslims versus Minority Muslims Jinnah's strategy The 1946 elections: what turning point? Chapter 3: Islamic State or Collection of Ethnic Groups? From One Partition to the Next Jinnah's Nation-State: Between "The Poison Of Provincialism" and the Indian Threat Muhajirs and Punjabis, Founding Fathers of a Unitary and Centralised State Bengali Separatism: Mujibur Rahman, the Two-Economy Theory and the Centre's Over-Reaction Chapter 4: Five Ethnic Groups for One Nation - Between Support and Alienation The Pakistanisation of Sindh The Baloch Self-Determination Movement The Pathans, from Pashtunistan to Pakhtunkwa Muhajir Militancy - and its Limitations National Integration through Federalism and Regionalisation of Politics? Part Two: Neither Democracy Nor Autocracy? Chapter 5: Impossible Democracy or Impossible Democrats? An Initial Democratic Design Aborted (1947-58) Democratisation, Separatism and Authoritarianism (1969 - 1977) Civilians under Influence - and Prone to Lawlessness (1988 - 1999) A Democratic "Transition" without Transfer of Power? (2007 - 2013) The 2013 Elections: What "New Pakistan"? Chapter 6: Variable-Geometry Military Dictatorship Ayub Khan, an enlightened dictator? Zia: A Modern Tyrant? (1977-1988) Musharraf, a New Ayub Khan? Chapter 7: The Judiciary, the Media and the NGO - In Search of Opposition Forces The Judges: From Submission to Control? The Press, A Fifth Estate? The Opposite of Tocqueville: Democratisation without Civil Society? The Election Commission - a work in progress Part Three: Islam: Territorial Ideology or Political Religion? Chapter 8: From Jinnah's Secularism to Zia's Islamisation Policy What Islam, for What Policy? (1947-1969) Islamisation and the Politics of Legitimation (1969-1988) Chapter 9: Jihadism, Sectarianism and Talibanism - From Military/Mullah Cooperation to 11 September 2001 The Rise of Sectarianism or the Invention of a New Enemy Within From One Jihad to Another - From Afghanistan to Kashmir and Back The Taliban: What Price Friendship? The 11 September 2001 Attacks: A Watershed Moment Musharraf and the Islamists: A Selective Break Chapter 10: Toward Civil War? The State vs. Islamists, the Muslims vs. "Minorities" The Islamists, a Social and Political Force The FATA, a Laboratory for Insurgency? The State's Double Game in Pashtun Areas - and the Islamists' Measured Response The Rise of Extremes The Army, Accomplice and/or Out of Its Depth? Punjab, New Land of Conquest? Minorities: A Severe Drop in Status Conclusion A Syndrome with Three Paradoxes The Fourth Dimension: Elites Backed by Allies Abroad.