Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Water Pollution: A Global Concern - Facts and Figures 2 1.1.1 Sustainable Development Goals 2 1.1.2 Climate Change and Water Stress 3 1.1.3 Wastewater and Its Types 5 1.

1.3.1 Storm Water/Surface Runoff 6 1.1.3.2 Domestic or Municipal Wastewater 6 1.1.3.

3 Agricultural Wastewater 7 1.1.3.4 Industrial Wastewater 7 1.2 Wastewater Characteristics 8 1.2.1 Color 8 1.2.

2 Odor 8 1.2.3 Turbidity 9 1.2.4 Nutrients 10 1.2.5 Surfactants 10 1.3 Hazards of Wastewater and the Need for Treatment 11 1.

3.1 Aquatic Ecosystem 11 1.3.2 Humans 11 1.4 Need to Treat Wastewater 12 1.5 Scope and Objectives of the Book 12 References 13 2 Overview of Contaminants 17 2.1 Contaminants 17 2.2 Harm Posed by Contaminants 18 2.

3 Sewage Wastewater 19 2.4 Nonsewage Wastewater 20 2.4.1 Industrial Contaminants 20 2.4.2 Agricultural Runoffs 21 2.4.3 Oil Spill 22 2.

4.4 Radioactive Contaminants 23 2.4.5 Microbial Contaminants 25 2.4.6 Emerging Contaminants 25 2.4.6.

1 Microplastics 26 2.4.6.2 Surfactants 27 2.4.6.3 Pharmaceuticals 27 2.5 Detecting Contaminants 28 2.

5.1 Physical Methods 28 2.5.2 Chemical Methods 29 2.5.3 Biological Methods 29 2.5.4 Electrochemical Methods 29 2.

5.5 Advanced Analytical Methods 29 2.6 Removal of Wastewater Contaminants 29 2.7 Incidents of Contamination: Case Studies 30 2.7.1 Flint, Michigan Water Crisis (2014) 30 2.7.2 Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico (2010) 30 2.

7.3 West Virginia Chemical Spill - Charleston (2014) 30 2.7.4 Contamination of the River Ganga in India 31 2.7.5 Minamata Bay Disaster (1932-1968) 31 2.8 Successful Elimination of Contaminants 31 2.8.

1 Tuas Water Reclamation Plant (Singapore) 31 2.8.2 Wastewater Reclamation (Taiwan) 32 2.8.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) (Japan) 32 2.8.4 Constructed Wetlands (Sweden) 32 2.8.

5 Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment (Saudi Arabia) 33 2.9 Important Considerations 33 2.9.1 Education and Public Awareness 33 2.9.2 Prevention of Pollution at Source and Best Practices 33 2.9.3 Wastewater Management 34 2.

9.4 Use of Technology 34 2.9.5 Research and Development 34 2.9.6 Polluted Water Body Restoration 34 2.9.7 Policies and Collaboration 35 2.

10 Challenges 36 References 36 3 Sewage Wastewater: Sources, Characteristics, and Treatment 43 3.1 Characteristics of Sewage Wastewater 45 3.1.1 Sewage Physical Characteristics 45 3.1.2 Chemical Features of Sewage 46 3.1.3 Biological Features of Sewage 48 3.

2 Treatment of Sewage Wastewater 49 3.2.1 Preliminary Treatment 50 3.2.1.1 Screening 50 3.2.1.

2 Grit Chamber 51 3.2.1.3 Detritus Tank 51 3.2.1.4 Skimming Tanks 51 3.2.

2 Primary Treatment of Sewage Wastewater 52 3.2.2.1 Sedimentation 52 3.2.2.2 Sedimentation with Coagulation 53 3.2.

3 Secondary Treatment of Sewage Wastewater 54 3.2.3.1 Aerobic Biological Treatment 54 3.2.3.2 Anaerobic Treatment Method 62 3.2.

3.3 Other Biological Methods 62 3.2.4 Tertiary Treatment of Sewage Wastewater 67 3.3 Case Studies 73 3.3.1 Sewage Treatment Plant: A Case Study of the Delawas District, Jaipur, India 73 3.3.

2 Sewage Treatment Plant: A Case Study of the Okhla District, New Delhi, India 74 References 74 4 Industrial Contaminants 77 4.1 Industrial Wastewater 77 4.2 Wastewater Contaminants from Different Industries 78 4.2.1 Mining Industry 78 4.2.2 Agricultural Industry 78 4.2.

3 Iron and Steel Industry 79 4.2.4 Nuclear Industry 79 4.2.5 Pulp, Paper, and Textile Industry 79 4.2.6 Food Industry 80 4.2.

7 Organic Chemicals Industry 81 4.2.8 Recreation Industry 82 4.3 Categories of Industrial Contaminants 82 4.4 Monitoring and Detection of Industrial Contaminants 83 4.5 Transport and Fate of Contaminants in the Environment 84 4.5.1 Fate of the Contaminants 85 4.

6 Toxicity of Industrial Wastewater 86 4.6.1 Impact on Waterbodies 86 4.6.2 Impact on Soil and Groundwater 87 4.6.3 Impact on Human Health 87 4.6.

4 Impact on Biodiversity and Ecosystem 87 4.6.5 Impact of Some Specific Contaminants 87 4.7 Treatment Technologies 88 4.7.1 Adsorption 89 4.7.2 Membrane Separation and Technologies 89 4.

7.3 Electro-technologies 91 4.7.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes 91 4.7.5 Integrated Techniques 91 4.7.6 Constructed Wetlands and Integrated Wetlands 93 4.

8 Case Studies of Industrial Contamination of Water Bodies 95 4.8.1 Groundwater Pollution in Southeast Vietnam 95 4.8.2 The Elk River Chemical Spill, West Virginia 95 4.8.3 Minamata Disease (Kumamoto Prefecture) 96 4.8.

4 Kala Shah Kaku Industrial Complex, Pakistan 96 4.9 Industry Best Practices 96 4.9.1 Zero Liquid Discharge 97 4.9.2 Advanced Treatment Technologies for Wastewater 97 4.9.3 Adoption of Green Alternatives 97 4.

9.4 Regulatory Compliance 98 4.9.5 Industrial Wastes and Wastewater Through the Circular Economy 98 4.10 Challenges and Research Directions 99 References 99 5 Heavy Metals in Wastewater - Toxicity Assessment and Remediation 113 5.1 Sources of Heavy Metal Pollution 114 5.1.1 Point Sources 114 5.

1.2 Nonpoint or Diffuse Sources 114 5.2 Toxicity Assessment 116 5.2.1 Effect on Aquatic Organisms 117 5.2.2 Effects on Plants 118 5.2.

3 Effect on Human Health 118 5.3 Treatment Methods 123 5.4 Novel Methods for Aqueous Heavy Metal Remediation 125 5.4.1 Adsorption by Novel Adsorbents 125 5.4.2 Phytoremediation 125 5.4.

3 Photocatalysis 128 5.4.4 Electrochemical Method 132 5.4.5 Nanotechnology for Metal Removal 133 5.5 Permissible Limits of Heavy Metals in Water Bodies 137 5.6 Case Studies 140 5.6.

1 Kutubdia Channel in Bangladesh: Contamination of Water and Sediments by Metals 140 5.6.2 Heavy Metal Contamination of River Cauvery, Tamil Nadu, India 141 References 142 6 Dye Wastewater Characteristics and Treatment 153 6.1 Classification of Dyes 156 6.2 Toxicity Assessment of Dyes 161 6.2.1 Toxicity in the Aqueous Environment 162 6.2.

2 Toxicity Effects on the Living Organisms 163 6.3 Treatment of Dye Wastewater 165 6.3.1 Physical Treatment 165 6.3.2 Chemical Treatment 166 6.3.2.

1 Ozonation 168 6.3.2.2 Wet Air Oxidation 169 6.3.2.3 Fenton Process 170 6.3.

2.4 Photodegradation 170 6.3.3 Biological Treatment 171 6.3.4 Novel/Hybrid Treatment Methods 175 6.4 Legislative Guidelines for Dye-loaded Wastewater 180 6.5 Case Studies 181 6.

5.1 Textile Wastewater Treatment Plant - Arequipa, Peru 181 6.5.2 Efficiency Analysis of Textile Wastewater Treatment Plant of Foshan, China 183 References 184 7 Contamination by Oil Spills 191 7.1 Characteristics of Oils 191 7.2 Important Oil Properties 192 7.3 Oil Behavior in the Aquatic Environment 193 7.4 Impacts of Oil Spills 195 7.

4.1 Impacts on the Environment 196 7.4.1.1 Marine Ecosystems 196 7.4.1.2 Coastal Ecosystems 196 7.

4.1.3 Contamination of Water Bodies 197 7.4.2 Impacts on Humans 197 7.4.3 Economic Impacts 197 7.5 Detection of Oil Spills and Monitoring 198 7.

5.1 Remote Sensing 198 7.5.2 Machine Learning and Deep Learning 199 7.5.3 Laser Fluorosensors 200 7.5.4 Ground Penetrating Radars (GPR) 200 7.

5.5 Recent Techniques 200 7.6 Technologies and Materials for Oil Spill Cleanup 200 7.6.1 Some Important Studies 201 7.6.2 Innovative Techniques 201 7.6.

3 Integration of Methods 202 7.6.4 Materials for Oil Spill Cleanup 202 7.6.4.1 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology 204 7.7 Prevention 205 7.8 Important Factors in the Cleanup Activity 206 7.

8.1 Environmental Factors 206 7.8.2 Nature of the Oils 206 7.8.3 Technological Factors 207 7.8.4 Organizational Factors 207 7.

8.5 Socioeconomic and Political Factors 207 7.9 Treatment of Oil Spills 207 7.9.1 Use of Skimmers 207 7.9.2 Oil-absorbent Pads 208 7.9.

3 Burning In Situ (Thermal Remediation) 208 7.9.4 Sorbents 209 7.9.5 Hot Water and High Pressure Washing 211 7.9.6 Oil Spill Dispersants 211 7.9.

7 Oil Boom 212 7.9.8 Manual Labor 213 7.9.9 Bioremediation 213 7.10 Some Major Oil Spill Incidents 214 7.10.1 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill 214 7.

10.2 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 215 7.10.3 Prestige Oil Spill 215 7.10.4 Montara Oil Spill 215 7.11 Disposal and Treatment of Wastes Generated 216 7.12 Strategies for Prevention and Mitigation 219 7.

13 Legislation and Role of Authorities in the Cleanup of Oil Spills 219 7.13.1 The US Regulations 220 7.13.2 The UK Regulations 220 References 221 8 Pesticide Elimination from Hydro Environment 231 8.1 Classification of Pesticides 232 8.2 Scenario of Global Pesticide Consumption 237 8.3 Toxicity Assessment of Pesticides 238 8.

4 Treatment of Pesticide Wastewater 241 8.4.1 Physical Treatment Methods 243 8.4.1.1 Membrane Filtration 243.