Current Status of Rechargeable Batteries and Fuel Cells Rechargeable Batteries Fundamental Aspects of a Rechargeable Battery      Critical Performance Characteristics of Rechargeable Batteries       Capabilities of Widely Used Rechargeable Batteries in Commercial Applications       Recycling of Batteries            Toxicity of Materials Used in the Manufacture of Rechargeable Batteries            Safe Toxicity Limits for Workers      Three Main Characteristics of a Rechargeable Battery       Cost-Effective Justification for the Deployment of a Specific Rechargeable Battery for a Specified Application            Techniques to Improve Battery Performance in Terms of Weight and Cost            Why Use Pb-Acid Batteries for Automobiles?            Description of Flow Batteries Rechargeable Batteries Irrespective of Power Capability       Rechargeable Batteries for Low- and Moderate-Power Applications Rechargeable Batteries for Commercial and Military Applications       High-Power Batteries for Commercial Applications       Critical Role of Ni-Cd in Rechargeable Batteries for Military Aircraft       Benefits of Ni-MH Rechargeable Batteries for Military Aircraft           Impact of Temperature on Discharge Capacity of Ni-MH Batteries            Charging Procedure for a Ni-MH Battery            Degradation Factors in Ni-MH Battery Performance       Thermal Batteries for Aerospace and Defense Applications            Batteries for Space Applications       Rechargeable Batteries for Commercial Applications             Ni-Zn Batteries for Commercial Applications      Rechargeable Battery Requirements for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles            Test Requirements for Rechargeable Batteries Needed for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles            Predicting the Battery Life of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles            Performance Capabilities of Batteries Currently Used for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Batteries for Low-Power Applications       Batteries Using Th in-Film and Nanotechnologies       TF Microbatteries       Charge-Discharge Cycles and Charging Time of Low-Power Batteries       Structural Configuration for Low-Power Batteries       Most Popular Materials Used for Low-Power Batteries            Low-Power Standard Cells            Miniature Primary Batteries       Low-Power Batteries Using Nanotechnology       Paper Batteries Using Nanotechnology  Fuel Cells      Description of the Most Popular Fuel Cell Types and Their Configurations       Types of Fuel Cells Conclusion References Batteries for Aerospace and Communications Satellites Introduction Onboard Electrical Power System       Electrical Power-Bus Design Configuration      Solar-Array Panels            Solar Panel Performance Requirements to Charge the Space-Based Batteries  Battery Power Requirements and Associated Critical Components       Solar-Array Performance Requirements      Electrical Power Requirements from the Solar Arrays during Dark Periods       Solar Panel Orientation Requirements to Achieve Optimum Power from the Sun      Solar-Array Configurations Best Suited for Spacecraft or Communications Satellite       Direct Energy Transfer System Cost-Effective Design Criterion for Battery-Type Power Systems for Spacecraft       Method of Comparison for Optimum Selection of Power System for a Spacecraft            Step-byStep Approach for Power System Performance           Modeling Requirements to Determine I-V Characteristics            Impact on Battery Electrical Parameters from Onboard Charging and Discharging Spacecraft Power System Reliability       Failure Rates for Various System Components      Failure Rate Estimation       Reliability Improvement of the Spacecraft Power System Using CC and PWM Regulator Techniques       Reliability Improvement of the Spacecraft Power System Using DET System, CC, and Battery Booster Techniques       Weight and Cost Penalties Associated with Redundant Systems            Total System Weight and Cost as a Function of Mission Length            Reliability Degradation with the Increase in Mission Duration            Increase in Weight and Cost due to Redundant Systems Ideal Batteries for Aerospace and Communications Satellites       Typical Power Requirements for Space-Based Batteries       Aging Eff ect Critical in Space-Based Batteries  Performance Capabilities and Battery Power Requirements for the Latest Commercial and Military Satellite Systems      Commercial Communication Satellite Systems            Performance Capabilities of the Commercial Communications Satellite Systems Military Satellites for Communications, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Target Tracking       Military Communications Satellites and Their Capabilities            DSCS-III Communication Satellite System            Power Generation, Conditioning, and Storage Requirements       MILSATCOM System       European Communications Satellite System Batteries Best Suited to Power Satellite Communications Satellites       Rechargeable Batteries Most Ideal for Communications Satellites            Performance Capabilities of Ni-Cd Rechargeable Batteries for Space Applications            Performance Parameters of Ni-H2 Batteries            Performance Capabilities of Ag-Zn Batteries            Space Applications of Lithium-Ion Batteries Conclusion References Fuel Cell Technology  Introduction       Classifications of Fuel Cells            Aqueous Fuel Cell Using Specific Electrolyte            Fuel Cells Using Semisolid Electrolyte            Fuel Cells Using Molten Electrolyte       Classifications of Fuel Cells Based on Electrolytes Performance Capabilities of Fuel Cells Based on Electrolytes       High-Temperature Fuel Cells with Semisolid Molten Electrolyte Low-Temperature Fuel Cells Using Various Electrolytes       Performance of Low-Temperature and Low-Pressure Fuel Cells Using Aqueous Electrolyte       Output Power Capability of Aqueous Fuel Cells Fuel Cells Using a Combination of Fuels       Performance of Liquid-Liquid Fuel Cell Design Fuel Cell Designs for Multiple Applications       Fuel Cells for Electric Storage Battery Applications      DSK-Based Fuel Cells Using Hydrogen-Based DSK Electrodes and Operating under Harsh Conditions            Performance of DSK-Based Fuel Cells with Monolayer DSK Electrodes Ion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells       Performance Specifications for IEM Fuel Cells and Batteries for Space Applications .