Abbreviations Acknowledgments Introduction: The Pastoral Writings of 1518 to 1520 Chapter One: The Practical Early Luther Piety and Vernacular Literature The Search for the Reformation Discovery Confessional Polemics and Luther's Religiosity Luther as Pastor Practical Theology in Early Modern Europe: Mysticism, Monasticism, and Scholasticism Chapter Two: Scholasticism, Indulgences, and Christian Life: 1516-1517 Luther's Work in Wittenberg Luther's Early Lectures The First Pastoral Writings Anti-Scholastic Initiatives in Wittenberg The Practice of Indulgences Luther's Earliest Comments on Indulgences The Treatise on Indulgences The Ninety-Five Theses and the Letter to Archbishop Albrecht Conclusion: Interpreting the Indulgence Controversy Chapter Three: Reshaping Confession, Reorienting Piety: Lent 1518 From the Ninety-Five Theses to the Heidelberg Disputation Preparing for Confession: The Centrality of the Ten Commandments The Goal of Confession: Faith in the Words of Absolution Satisfaction, Suffering, and Good Works Meditating on the Passion, Embracing Suffering Redefining Relics, Prayer, and the Saints Conclusion: Reorienting Piety Chapter Four: Piety in the Shadow of Conflict: Summer 1518 From the Heidelberg Disputation to the Meeting with Cajetan Penance and Polemics Sin, Sincerity, and Suffering Conclusion: Piety and the Reformation Discovery Chapter Five: Reforming Prayer and Good Works: Early 1519 From the Meeting with Cajetan to the Leipzig Debate Revisiting Penance and the Passion "Lifting Up the Heart": Instruction on Prayer Religious Works and Good Works Piety and the Papacy Conclusion: Escalating Conflict, Expanding Criticisms Chapter Six: Reinterpreting Sacraments and Saints: Fall 1519 to Summer 1520 From the Leipzig Debate to Excommunication Confession in a New Key Baptism and Christian Life The Communion of the Saints Suffering with the Saints Dying in the Faith The Practice of Usury and the Works of Faith Conclusion: The Piety of a New Church Conclusion: Piety and Luther's Protest Appendix Works Cited Index About the Author.