List of figuresIntroduction1. Internally Motivated ChangeIntroductionLocating Internally Motivated ChangeCase Study: Symmetry and Function in the Great Vowel ShiftDriftCase Study: Word Order Change in IcelandicCase Study: Grammaticalisation in UrduNative Speaker CreativityCase Study: Lexical Derivation in Haitian French CreoleDiscussion2. Externally Motivated Change2.1. Introduction2.2. Borrowing2.3.

Convergence2.4. Case Study: The Balkans2.5. Case Study: Kupwar2.6. Codeswitching2.7.

Mixed Languages2.8. Discussion: Internal and External Change Re-visited2.8.1. Case Study: Guernsey Norman French (Guernesiais)2.8.2.

Case Study: Middle English3. Language Birth3.1. Introduction3.2. Case Study: Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Germanic and (Old) English3.3. Case Study: Tok Pisin3.

4. Case Study: Scots3.5. Discussion: What Makes a New Language?4. Language Death4.1. Introduction4.2.

Setting and Structure: The Two Aspects of Obsolescence4.2.1. The Socio-political Setting4.2.2. Linguistic Changes4.3.

Case Study: East Sutherland Gaelic4.4. Case Study: Pennsylvania German4.5. Dialect Death4.6. Case Study: French4.7.

Case Study: Welsh4.8. Discussion5. Language Planning5.1. Introduction5.2. Strategies and Aims of Language Planning5.

3. Case Study: Language Policy in the US5.4. Case Study: Language Planning in Jersey5.5. Case Study: Language Planning in the Seychelles5.6. Discussion6.

Language Revival6.1. Introduction6.2. Case Study: Cornish6.2.1. The Role of the Individual6.

2.2. The Building Blocks of Revival6.2.3. The Problems of Reconstruction6.2.4.

The Goals of Revival6.2.5. Will Revival Work?6.2.6. How Authentic is Revived Cornish?6.3.

Discussion7: Language Invention7.1. Introduction7.2. Inventing Language7.3. Case Study: Esperanto7.4.

Case Study: Láadan7.5. DiscussionBibliographyUseful Websites.