Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Definitions of Major Components of Climate Crisis 1.1.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGs), as the main cause of climate crisis 1.1.2 Resource Consumption 1.1.3 Deforestation 1.
1.4 Biodiversity loss 1.1.5 Feedback loops accelerating climate crisis 1.1.6 Tunnel vision risk in structural design 1.2 Impact of Structural Systems on a Construction Product''s Carbon Footprint 1.3 Role of Construction Materials in the Climate Crisis 1.
4 Role of Structural Engineers and Architects in Climate Action 1.5 Regulatory Push for Decarbonization 1.6 Life-Cycle Driven Structures Framework 1.7 Conclusion 1.8 Questions 1.9 References Chapter 2: A summary of Life-Cycle Analysis focusing on embodied carbon of steel, mass timber and reinforced concrete 2.1. Introduction to Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) 2.
2. The Stages of Life-Cycle Analysis for Building Structures 2.2.1. Life-Cycle Stage A (A0 to A5): Pre-Construction, Product, and Construction Stages 13 2.2.2. In-Use Stage (B1 to B5) 2.
2.3. End-of-Life Stage (C1 to C4): Demolition, Waste Management, Recycling 2.2.4. Beyond Life Stage (D) 2.3. Upfront Carbon (A1 to A3) for Steel, Concrete, and Timber construction products 2.
3.1. Steel Upfront Carbon (A1 to A3) 2.3.2. Concrete Upfront Carbon (A1 to A3) 2.3.3.
Timber Upfront Carbon (A1 to A3) 2.3.4. Common upfront (A1-A3) carbon factors in literature 2.3.5. Carbon Emission Breakdown Examples for (A1 to A3) stage 2.4.
Construction Stage Carbon for Building Structures (A4 to A5) 2.4.1. Steel Construction Stage Carbon (A4 to A5) 2.4.2. Concrete Construction Stage Carbon (A4 to A5) 2.4.
3. Timber Construction Stage Carbon (A4 to A5) 2.4.4. Carbon Emission Breakdown Examples for (A1 to A5) stage 2.5. End-of-Life Stages 2.5.
1. Deconstruction (C1) 2.5.2. Waste Transport (C2) 2.5.3. Waste Processing (C3) and Disposal (C4) 2.
5.4. Examples, life cycle stages A to C 2.6. Beyond the Life Cycle (D) 2.7. Embodied carbon intensity rating systems 2.8.
Conclusion 2.9. Questions 2.10. References Chapter 3: Measuring and Reducing Embodied Carbon in Structures 3.1. Understanding the embodied carbon equation 3.1.
1 Bill of Quantities (BoQ) 3.1.2 Carbon factor (Embodied carbon "equivalent") 3.2 Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) and databases 3.2.1 Carbon factor ranges of principal construction materials (Variability in EPDs) 3.2.1.
1 Steel 3.2.1.2 Concrete 3.2.1.3 Cement 3.2.
1.4 Timber 3.2.2 Project-specific vs Generic Data 3.2.2.1 Regional EPD Databases 3.2.
2.2 Regional Generic data sources 3.2.2.3 Handling uncertainties in EPDs and Generic data 3.3 Benchmarking, Tools, and Reporting 3.3.1 Normalizing Embodied Carbon for benchmarking 3.
3.1.1 Gross Internal Area (GIA) - Buildings 3.3.3.2 FA (Functional Area) - Bridges 3.3.3.
3 EA (Enclosed Area) - Stadia 3.3.3.4 Energy Delivered (ED) - Energy infrastructure 3.3.3.5 Embodied Carbon Rating System 3.4 Beyond quantifying: how to reduce embodied carbon ? 3.
4.1 Design for circularity 3.4.2 High Strength Materials 3.4.3 Conceptual Optioneering 3.4.4 Hybrid and Composite Systems 3.
4.5. Prefabrication & Modular Construction 3.4.6. Low-carbon material sourcing 3.4.7.
Engaging stakeholders early in design 3.4.8. Digital, AI-assisted and Automated Methods 3.4.9. Design for Durability & Adaptability 3.4.
10 Design for Robustness 3.5 Exercise: Example of Calculation of Embodied Carbon Intensity of a multi-storey building 3.5.1 Presentation of the Case Study 3.5.2 Calculation of Quantities 3.5.3 Carbon Factors for Materials 3.
5.4 Upfront Carbon Calculation (Modules A1 to A5) 3.5.5 End-of-Life (Stage C) Carbon Calculation 3.5.6 Beyond Life-Cycle Carbon Calculation (Stage D) 3.6 Conclusion 3.7 Exercises 3.
8 Discussion and Review Questions 3.9 References Chapter 4: Life Cycle Parameter Analysis (LCPA) at Component Level 4.1 Principles of Parameter Analysis 4.2 Combining LCA and Parameter Analysis: LCPA 4.3 Case Study: Columns (Steel, Timber, Concrete, Composite) 4.3.1 Benchmark Structural Configuration 4.3.
2 Column Types Analyzed 4.3.3 Steel Columns 4.3.4 Timber Columns 4.3.5 Reinforced Concrete Columns 4.3.
6 Composite Columns (Steel-Concrete) 4.3.7 Comparison of Masses between Different Types of Columns with Increasing Height 4.3.8 Influence of Concrete Strength and Reinforcement Ratio on Masses of Columns with Different Heights 4.3.9 Comparison of Embodied Carbon between Different Types of Columns with Increasing Height 4.3.
10 Influence of Concrete Strength and Reinforcement Ratio on Embodied Carbon of Columns with Different Heights 4.4 Case Study: Beams (IPE, HEA, Truss, Steel, Timber, Reinforced Concrete) 4.4.1 Benchmark Structural Configuration 4.4.2 Beams with Open Section Girders (IPE, HEA) 4.4.3 Steel Truss Beams with Open Sections 4.
4.4 Steel Truss Beams with Tubular Sections 4.4.5 Timber Beams 4.4.6 Reinforced Concrete Beams 4.4.7 Comparison of Masses between Different Types of Beams with Increasing Span Length 4.
4.8 Comparison of Embodied Carbon between Different Types of Beams with Increasing Span Length 4.5 Integrating Other Factors into LCPA 4.5.1 Cost 4.5.2 Durability 4.5.
3 Fire Resistance 4.6 Conclusion 4.7 Questions 4.8 References Chapter 5: Life Cycle Parametric Analysis (LPSA) at Building Level 5.1 Why is optioneering at the conceptual design stage is important? 5.2 Buildings and assumptions used for benchmarking 5.2.1 Calculation of the Gross Internal Area (GIA) of the benchmark buildings 5.
2.2 Selection of the embodied carbon factors to use in the study 5.2.3 What is very important to know during the selection of carbon factors? 5.3 Early-Stage design alternatives using representative portions 5.3.1 Reinforced Concrete Building Portion 5.3.
2 Steel Building Portion 5.4 The impact of tubular profiles and higher strength steel 5.5 Influence of the carbon factor selection on the final results 5.5.1 Impact of the structural steel carbon factor 5.5.2 Effects of Steel Sourcing (Virgin, Scrap, Reclaimed) 5.5.
3 Influence of Transportation Distances 5.5.4 Role of connection complexity 5.6 What if we use a hybrid approach combining CLT slabs.