This book provides mathematics-informed methodology, tools, means, algorithms, applications, and techniques relying on theoretical and applied dimensions so that current compelling clinical, medical, neurological, and biological challenges can be addressed effectively and promptly. The book covers a wide array of mathematical topics such as fractal, fractional methods, differential equations, and so forth along with the application of advanced data science, AI, machine learning and deep learning. In addition to this, there is the application of big data (original real data retrieved from UMASS and other related hospitals) concerning numerical data, images, and signals. Taken together, the topics included in the book are addressed under the name of mathematical neuroscience and biology regarding the diseases for the first time. The specific novel methods, theoretical aspects, and applications are covered within this scope for the first time in the literature.