Chapter 1 Wave Nature of Light 3 1.1 Light Waves in a Homogeneous Medium 3A. Plane Electromagnetic Wave 3B. Maxwell''s Wave Equation and Diverging Waves 6Example 1.1.1 A diverging laser beam 101.2 Refractive Index and Dispersion 10Example 1.2.
1 Sellmeier equation and diamond 13Example 1.2.2 Cauchy equation and diamond 141.3 Group Velocity and Group Index 14Example 1.3.1 Group velocity 17Example 1.3.2 Group velocity and index 17Example 1.
3.3 Group and phase velocities 181.4 Magnetic Field, Irradiance, and Poynting Vector 18Example 1.4.1 Electric and magnetic fields in light 21Example 1.4.2 Power and irradiance of a Gaussian beam 211.5 Snell''s Law and Total Internal Reflection (TIR) 22Example 1.
5.1 Beam displacement 251.6 Fresnel''s Equations 26A. Amplitude Reflection and Transmission Coefficients (r and t ) 26B. Intensity, Reflectance, and Transmittance 32C. Goos-H(tm)nchen Shift and Optical Tunneling 33Example 1.6.1 Reflection of light from a less dense medium (internal reflection) 35Example 1.
6.2 Reflection at normal incidence, and internal and external reflection 36Example 1.6.3 Reflection and transmission at the Brewster angle 371.7 Antireflection Coatings and Dielectric Mirrors 38A. Antireflection Coatings on Photodetectors and Solar Cells 38Example 1.7.1 Antireflection coating on a photodetector 39B.
Dielectric Mirrors and Bragg Reflectors 40Example 1.7.2 Dielectric mirror 421.8 Absorption of Light and Complex Refractive Index 43Example 1.8.1 Complex refractive index of InP 46Example 1.8.2 Reflectance of CdTe around resonance absorption 471.
9 Temporal and Spatial Coherence 47Example 1.9.1 Coherence length of LED light 501.10 Superposition and Interference of Waves 511.11 Multiple Interference and Optical Resonators 53Example 1.11.1 Resonator modes and spectral width of a semiconductor Fabry-Perot cavity 571.12 Diffraction Principles 58A.
Fraunhofer Diffraction 58Example 1.12.1 Resolving power of imaging systems 63B. Diffraction Grating 64Example 1.12.2 A reflection grating 67Additional Topics 681.13 Interferometers 681.14 Thin Film Optics: Multiple Reflections in Thin Films 70Example 1.
14.1 Thin film optics 721.15 Multiple Reflections in Plates and Incoherent Waves 731.16 Scattering of Light 741.17 Photonic Crystals 76Questions and Problems 82 Chapter 2 Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers 95 2.1 Symmetric Planar Dielectric Slab Waveguide 95A. Waveguide Condition 95B. Single and Multimode Waveguides 100C.
TE and TM Modes 100Example 2.1.1 Waveguide modes 101Example 2.1.2 V-number and the number of modes 102Example 2.1.3 Mode field width, 2wo 1032.2 Modal and Waveguide Dispersion in Planar Waveguides 104A.
Waveguide Dispersion Diagram and Group Velocity 104B. Intermodal Dispersion 105C. Intramodal Dispersion 1062.3 Step-Index Optical Fiber 107A. Principles and Allowed Modes 107Example 2.3.1 A multimode fiber 112Example 2.3.
2 A single-mode fiber 112B. Mode Field Diameter 112Example 2.3.3 Mode field diameter 113C. Propagation Constant and Group Velocity 114Example 2.3.4 Group velocity and delay 115D. Modal Dispersion in Multimode Step-Index Fibers 116Example 2.
3.5 A multimode fiber and dispersion 1162.4 Numerical Aperture 117Example 2.4.1 A multimode fiber and total acceptance angle 118Example 2.4.2 A single-mode fiber 1182.5 Dispersion In Single-Mode Fibers 119A.
Material Dispersion 119B. Waveguide Dispersion 120C. Chromatic Dispersion 122D. Profile and Polarization Dispersion Effects 122Example 2.5.1 Material dispersion 124Example 2.5.2 Material, waveguide, and chromatic dispersion 125Example 2.
5.3 Chromatic dispersion at different wavelengths 125Example 2.5.4 Waveguide dispersion 1262.6 Dispersion Modified Fibers and Compensation 126A. Dispersion Modified Fibers 126B. Dispersion Compensation 128Example 2.6.
1 Dispersion compensation 1302.7 Bit Rate, Dispersion, and Electrical and Optical Bandwidth 130A. Bit Rate and Dispersion 130B. Optical and Electrical Bandwidth 133Example 2.7.1 Bit rate and dispersion for a single-mode fiber 1352.8 The Graded Index (GRIN) Optical Fiber 135A. Basic Properties of GRIN Fibers 135B.
Telecommunications 139Example 2.8.1 Dispersion in a graded index fiber and bit rate 140Example 2.8.2 Dispersion in a graded index fiber and bit rate 1412.9 Attenuation in Optical Fibers 142A. Attenuation Coefficient and Optical Power Levels 142Example 2.9.
1 Attenuation along an optical fiber 144B. Intrinsic Attenuation in Optical Fibers 144C. Intrinsic Attenuation Equations 146Example 2.9.2 Rayleigh scattering equations 147D. Bending losses 148Example 2.9.3 Bending loss for SMF 1512.
10 Fiber Manufacture 152A. Fiber Drawing 152B. Outside Vapor Deposition 153Example 2.10.1 Fiber drawing 155Additional Topics 1552.11 Wavelength Division Multiplexing: WDM 1552.12 Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers and DWDM 1572.13 Bragg Fibers 1592.
14 Photonic Crystal Fibers--Holey Fibers 1602.15 Fiber Bragg Gratings and Sensors 163Example 2.15.1 Fiber Bragg grating at 1550 nm 167Questions and Problems 167 Chapter 3 Semiconductor Science and Light-Emitting Diodes 179 3.1 Review of Semiconductor Concepts and Energy Bands 179A. Energy Band Diagrams, Density of States, Fermi-Dirac Function and Metals 179B. Energy Band Diagrams of Semiconductors 1823.2 Semiconductor Statistics 1843.
3 Extrinsic Semiconductors 187A. n-Type and p-Type Semiconductors 187B. Compensation Doping 190C. Nondegenerate and Degenerate Semiconductors 191E. Energy Band Diagrams in an Applied Field 192Example 3.3.1 Fermi levels in semiconductors 193Example 3.3.
2 Conductivity of n-Si 1933.4 Direct and Indirect Bandgap Semiconductors: E-k Diagrams 1943.5 pn Junction Principles 198A. Open Circuit 198B. Forward Bias and the Shockley Diode Equation 201C. Minority Carrier Charge Stored in Forward Bias 206D. Recombination Current and the Total Current 2063.6 pn Junction Reverse Current 2093.
7 pn Junction Dynamic Resistance and Capacitances 211A. Depletion Layer Capacitance 211B. Dynamic Resistance and Diffusion Capacitance for Small Signals 2133.8 Recombination Lifetime 214A. Direct Recombination 214B. Indirect Recombination 216Example 3.8.1 A direct bandgap pn junction 2163.
9 pn Junction Band Diagram 218A. Open Circuit 218B. Forward and Reverse Bias 220Example 3.9.1 The built-in voltage from the band diagram 2213.10 Heterojunctions 2223.11 Light-Emitting Diodes: Principles 224A. Homojunction LEDs 224B.
Heterostructure High Intensity LEDs 226C. Output Spectrum 228Example 3.11.1 LED spectral linewidth 231Example 3.11.2 LED spectral width 232Example 3.11.3 Dependence of the emission peak and linewidth on temperature 2333.
12 Quantum Well High Intensity LEDs 233Example 3.12.1 Energy levels in the quantum well 2363.13 LED Materials and Structures 237A. LED Materials 237B. LED Structures 238Example 3.13.1 Light extraction from a bare LED chip 2413.
14 LED Efficiencies and Luminous Flux 242Example 3.14.1 LED efficiencies 244Example 3.14.2 LED brightness 2453.15 Basic LED Characteristics 2453.16 LEDs for Optical Fiber Communications 2463.17 Phosphors and White LEDs 249Additional Topics 2513.
18 LED Electronics 251Questions and Problems 254 Chapter 4 Stimulated Emission Devices: Optical Amplifiers and Lasers 265 4.1 Stimulated Emission, Photon Amplification, and Lasers 265A. Stimulated Emission and Population Inversion 265B. Photon Amplification and Laser Principles 266C. Four-Level Laser System 2694.2 Stimulated Emission Rate and Emission Cross-Section 270A. Stimulated Emission and Einstein Coefficients 270Example 4.2.
1 Minimum pumping power for three-level laser systems 272B. Emission and Absorption Cross-Sections 273Example 4.2.2 Gain coefficient in a Nd3-doped glass fiber 2754.3 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 276A. Principle of Operation and Amplifier Configurations 276B. EDFA Characteristics, Efficiency, and Gain Saturation 280Example 4.3.
1 An erbium-doped fiber amplifier 283C. Gain-Flattened EDFAs and Noise Figure 2844.4 Gas Lasers: The He-Ne Laser 287Example 4.4.1 Efficiency of the He-Ne laser 2904.5 The Output Spectrum of a Gas Laser 290Example 4.5.1 Doppler broadened linewidth 2934.
6 Laser Oscillations: Threshold Gain Coefficient and Gain Bandwidth 295A. Optical Gain Coefficient g 295B. Threshold Gain Coefficient gth and Output Power 296Example 4.6.1 Threshold population inversion for the He-Ne laser 299C. Output Power and Photon Lifetime in the Cavity 299Example 4.6.2 Output power and photon cavity lifetime Tph 301D.
Optical Cavity, Phase Condition, Laser Modes 3014.7 Broadening of the Optical Gain Curve and Linewidth 3034.8 Pulsed Lasers: Q-Switching and Mode Locking 307A. Q-Switching 307B. Mode Locking 3104.9 Principle of the Laser Diode28 3114.10 Heterostructure Laser Diodes 315Example 4.10.
1 Modes in a semiconductor laser and the optical cavity length 3204.11 Quantum Well Devices 321Example 4.11.1 A GaAs quantum well 3234.12 Elementary Laser Diode Characteristics 324Example 4.12.1 Laser output wavelength variation with temperature 330Example 4.12.
2 Laser diode efficiencies for a sky-blue LD 330Example 4.12.3 Laser diode efficiencies 3314.13 Steady State Semiconductor Rate Equations: The Laser Diode Equation 332A. Laser Diode Equation 332B. Optical Gain Curve, Threshold, and Transparency Conditions 335Example 4.13.1 Threshold current and optical output power from a Fabry-Perot heterostructure laser diode 3364.
14 Single Frequency Semiconductor Lasers 338A. Distributed Bragg Reflector LDs 338B. Distributed Feedback LDs 339C. External Cavity LDs 342Example 4.14.1 DFB LD wavelength 3444.15 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers36 3444.16 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 348Additional Topics 3504.
17 Superluminescent and Resonant Cavity Leds: SLD and Rcled 3504.18 Direct Modulation of Laser Diodes 3514.19 Holography 354Questions and Problems 357 Chapter 5 Photodetectors and Image Sensors 365 5.1 Principle of the pn Junction Photodiode 365A. Basic Principles 365B. Energy Band Diagrams and Photodetection Modes 367C. Current-Voltage.