Acknowledgments Introduction CHAPTER 1. From "Nonentity" to Global Network: The Rise of a New Style of Biomedical Practice An Early Career in Clinical Oncology About This Book A Capsule History of Cancer Clinical Trials Cancer Clinical Trials as a New Style of Practice The Protocol Conclusion PRELUDE. Before There Were Trials Cancer Hospitals and Cancer Institutes Diagnosing Cancer Treating Cancer Prognosticating Cancer Testing Therapies Conclusion PART 1. The Emergence of Clinical Cancer Research (1955-66) CHAPTER 2. A Landmark Clinical Trial Curing Leukemia: The VAMP Trial A Collective Undertaking The Elements of Innovation What about the Patients? CHAPTER 3. The Collective Turn: Cooperative Groups as Epistemic Organizations Assembling the US Cooperative System Screening for Drugs: From Mice to Humans Tinkering with the Cooperative Group Structure Meanwhile in Europe . Conclusion FIRST INTERLUDE. Clinical Trial Statistics What Is a Random Sample? What Is Statistical Significance? CHAPTER 4.
Statisticians, Statistics, and Early Cooperative Clinical Trials Statisticians at the NIH Statisticians in Paris Fabricating the Tools of the Trade Controversial Methods The Emergence of the Phase System Conclusion CHAPTER 5. Criticism and the Redefinition of Clinical Cancer Trials as an Autonomous Form of Research Clinical Cancer Research under Fire The Reorganization of Screening and Clinical Trials in the United States Surgery and Radiotherapy in the Cooperative Groups PART 2. An Avalanche of Numbers from the New Style of Practice (1965-89) CHAPTER 6. A Web of Trials Breast Cancer and Its Trials The Lessons of the Breast Cancer Trials The Emergence of Combination Chemotherapy The Multiple Meanings of Breast Cancer Trials Conclusion CHAPTER 7. Statisticians, Data Centers, and the Organization of Large-Scale Clinical Trials Centers of Calculation: US Statisticians and the Data Center The Mechanics of Data Production Meanwhile in Europe, Take Two Back in the USA: Group Statisticians and NCI Statisticians Insiders'' Dissent: The Randomization Debate CHAPTER 8. A Relational Space of Substances and Regimens The Clinical Evaluation of Substances Screening Substances: The Animal Screen Procuring Compounds CHAPTER 9. Oncopolitics? Reshaping Collaborative Research Centralization or Coordination? The European Debate Clinical Trials as Clinical Research: The US Debate Oncology in the Community PART 3. Targeted Therapy, Targeted Trials (1990-2006) SECOND INTERLUDE.
Molecular Biology and Oncogenes Introduction The Rise of Molecular Biology Cancer and Molecular Biology: 1960-80 The Clinical Isolation of Human Oncogenes Oncogenes and Oncoproteins since 1982 CHAPTER 10. Magic Bullets? The Gleevec Trials Molecular Biology and Targeted Substances The Trials of a Targeted Therapy Where Did Gleevec Come From? Monitoring Data, Managing Risks A Medical Oncologist and His Patients Patients and Activists Conclusion CHAPTER 11. Targeted Therapy and Clinical Cancer Research Introduction: Molecular Biology and Translational Research Molecular Biology and the US Cooperative Groups The Reorganization of the Drug Discovery Process and the Transformation of the NCI Screen Clinical Trials in a Targeted Age More Oncopolitics Conclusion Conclusion CHAPTER 12. Looking Back and Looking Forward The Observational Alternative to Clinical Cancer Trials Comparative Effectiveness and Clinical Trials Coda References Index.