List of Figures viii Preface xii Acknowledgments xiii 1 Ohio Before Ohio: State Geology and Topography 1 Geology 2 Topography 7 Importance of Ohio Geology and Topography 13 Further Reading 19 2 The First Ohioans: Pre-European Contact Ohio 20 Paleo-Indian Period (c. ?-c. 11,000 years ago) 21 The Archaic Period (c. 11,000-c. 2,800 years ago) 24 The Woodland Period (c. 2,800-c. 1,000 years ago) 29 Late Precontact Period (c. 1,100-c.

400 years ago) 41 Further Reading 46 3 The Middle Ground: European and Indigenous Interaction in Ohio, Early 1600s to 1763 47 Early Effects of European Contact 49 Ohio as "The Middle Ground" 52 Colonial Wars and Life in Middle Ground Ohio 54 Further Reading 65 4 War and Peace: The End of "Middle Ground" Ohio, 1763 to 1795 67 The Resistance of 1763 68 Lord Dunmore''s War 75 The American Revolution 79 The Western Confederacy and the End of the Middle Ground 87 Further Reading 98 5 The Ohio Experiment: Formation of the Northwest Territory, Early American Settlements, and Statehood, 1783-1803 100 Clearing Title and Related Problems 101 Organizing Ohio and the Birth of the Public Land System 102 Early Ohio Settlements 112 From Territory to State 117 Further Reading 123 Early Ohio Statehood: A Thematic Approach 124 6 A Community of Communities: Early Ohio Society 125 Demographics 126 Social Conflict 138 Reform 141 Further Reading 159 7 Revolutions: Early Ohio Economic Developments 160 Early Ohio''s Economy 161 Economic Revolutions 166 Further Reading 184 8 From Periphery to Center: Early Statehood and National Politics 185 Early Statehood Politics 186 The War of 1812 192 State and National Politics, 1815-36 199 Political Ascendance and Its Problems 205 Sectional Politics and the End of the Second Party System 207 The Constitution of 1851 209 Further Reading 212 9 Ohio Must Lead! The Civil War and Reconstruction 213 Ohio and Sectional Conflict 215 Ohio and the Civil War 221 Ohio''s Civil War Contribution: A Summary 233 The Reconstruction Period, 1865-77 238 Further Reading 244 10 Why Ohio? Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Presidents 245 Why Ohio? 245 State Politics 247 Ohio''s Presidents from Hayes to McKinley 254 Further Reading 276 11 The Making of an Industrial State: 1865-1920 277 Industrialization 278 Location and Transportation 280 Natural Resources 284 Finances, Entrepreneurs, and Innovation 284 Migrants and Immigrants 290 Industrial Work and the Rise of Organized Labor 305 Literary Critiques 313 Further Reading 314 12 Urban Life, Leisure, and Political Activism: 1880-1920 315 Urban Life and Leisure 316 Urban Political Reform 322 Women''s Activism 329 Education 335 Conclusion 337 Further Reading 338 13 Reform and the Great War: 1912-1920 339 The 1912 State Constitution 340 The 1912 Elections 342 The Flood of 1913 346 Ohio and the Great War 348 The Influenza Epidemic 355 The Postwar Crisis and the 1920 Election 357 Summary 358 Further Reading 359 14 Boom, Bust, and War: 1920-1945 360 The Economy and Politics in the 1920s 361 Social and Cultural Conflict 365 The Great Depression and the New Deal 369 World War II 380 At War''s End 389 Further Reading 389 15 Affluence and Anticommunism 391 The Postwar Boom 392 Migration and the Changing Cities 400 The Cold War and Ohio Politics 406 Conclusion 418 Further Reading 419 16 Rebellion and Reaction: The 1960s 420 The Struggle for Black Equality 421 Carl and Louis Stokes 428 Resurgence of Women''s Activism 430 Emerging Environmental Issues 434 Escalation: Vietnam and Politics 438 Campus Unrest and the Kent State Shootings 445 Further Reading 449 17 Falling Behind: Ohio since the 1970s 451 Deindustrialization 454 Dealing with Decline: Ohio''s Shifting Politics in the 1970s and 1980s 460 A Rightward Turn: Politics at the turn of the Twenty-first Century 467 Recent Demographics and Epidemics 475 A Battleground No More? Politics since 2016 478 Summing Up: Ohio as America 480 Further Reading 482 Index 483.