Preface xiii 1 Linguistic differences: Where do they come from? 1 1.1 Linguistic differences 1 1.2 Cultural differences 3 1.3 Why contrastive analyses? 4 1.4 What this book is about 5 2 Sounds and writing systems: How to speak and write 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 English sound system 10 2.2.

1 English consonants 10 2.2.2 English vowels 12 2.3 Korean alphabet ''Hangul'' and Romanization 13 2.4 Korean sound systems 15 2.4.1 Korean consonants 15 2.4.

2 Korean vowels 17 2.5 Syllable structures 18 2.5.1 English syllable structures 18 2.5.2 Korean syllable structures 19 2.6 Suprasegmental features 20 2.6.

1 English suprasegmental features 21 2.6.2 Korean suprasegmental features 22 2.7 Contrastive notes 22 2.7.1 Consonants 22 2.7.2 Different vowel sets 23 2.

7.3 Syllable and consonant clusters 23 2.7.4 Stress vs. nonstress 24 2.8 Conclusion 24 3 Words: Where every sentence begins 29 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 English parts of speech 29 3.

2.1 Nouns 30 3.2.2 Verbs: Main and auxiliary verbs 30 3.2.3 Adjectives 32 3.2.4 Adverbs 32 3.

2.5 Determiners 33 3.2.6 Prepositions 33 3.2.7 Particles 34 3.2.8 Conjunctions 35 3.

2.9 Complementizers 36 3.3 Korean parts of speech 36 3.3.1 Nominal 37 3.3.2 Adnominal 40 3.3.

3 Verbal: Adjective and verb together 42 3.3.4 Adverbial 45 3.4 Expanding verbals and nominals 46 3.4.1 Verbal and nominal derivations and inflections in English 46 3.4.2 Verbal inflections in Korean 46 3.

4.3 Nominal expansion in Korean 50 3.5 Contrastive notes 51 3.5.1 Different sets of lexical categories 51 3.5.2 Simple vs. rich verbal inflection system 53 3.

5.3 Simple vs. rich nominal inflections 53 3.6 Conclusion 53 4 Phrases: Combining words and building larger expressions 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Main phrases in English 60 4.2.1 NPs 60 4.

2.2 VPs 61 4.2.3 APs 63 4.2.4 AdvPs 64 4.2.5 PPs 64 4.

2.6 CPs and Subordinating S (Conj-S) 65 4.3 Phrases in Korean 66 4.3.1 Nominal Phrases 67 4.3.2 Verbal Phrases: Stative and non-stative VPs 71 4.3.

3 Adverbial Phrases 75 4.4 Complex phrases: Expanding the size of phrases 76 4.5 Contrastive notes 77 4.5.1 NPs vs. Nominal Phrases 77 4.5.2 VPs and Verbal Phrases 77 4.

5.3 Adnominal Phrases 78 4.5.4 Prepositions and case marking 78 4.6 Conclusion 79 5 Grammar rules: Constructing sentences 83 5.1 Form and function 83 5.2 Grammatical functions 83 5.3 Mapping between grammatical function and form 87 5.

4 English grammar rules 89 5.4.1 Grammar rules for English 89 5.4.2 Licensing simple English sentences 92 5.5 Korean grammar rules 96 5.5.1 Grammar rules for Korean 96 5.

5.2 Licensing simple Korean sentences 99 5.5.3 Grammar rule for auxiliary constructions 101 5.6 Contrastive notes 102 5.6.1 SVO vs. SOV 102 5.

6.2 Head-initial vs. Head-final 103 5.6.3 Fixed vs. free word order 104 5.6.4 Pro-Drop languages 104 5.

6.5 Complement omission 105 5.7 Conclusion 106 6 Tense and aspect: Describing when and how a situation happens 111 6.1 Ways to describe an event 111 6.2 How to describe an event in English 114 6.2.1 Tense and verb inflection form 114 6.2.

2 Aspects: Ongoing and completion 117 6.2.3 Situation types 119 6.2.4 Sentence types and mood 120 6.3 How to describe an event in Korean 121 6.3.1 Tense in Korean 121 6.

3.2 Aspect in Korean 126 6.3.3 Situation types in Korean 128 6.3.4 Sentence types and mood in Korean 130 6.4 Contrastive notes 131 6.4.

1 Tense 131 6.4.2 Aspect 131 6.4.3 Sentence types and mood 132 6.5 Conclusion 132 7 Auxiliary systems: Helping main verbs 137 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 English auxiliary system 137 7.

2.1 Modals 139 7.2.2 Aspectual verbs: be and have 140 7.2.3 Periphrastic do 142 7.2.4 Infinitival clause marker to 143 7.

2.5 Auxiliary and negation 144 7.3 Korean auxiliary system 145 7.3.1 Types of auxiliary verbs and morphosyntactic properties 145 7.3.2 Three possible structures 148 7.3.

3 Complex predicate formation 149 7.3.4 Auxiliary and negation 154 7.4 Contrastive notes 156 7.4.1 Syntactic similarities and differences 156 7.4.2 Number of auxiliary verbs 157 7.

4.3 Types of auxiliary verbs and expressing modality 158 7.5 Conclusion 158 8 Passive: Performing an action or being acted upon 163 8.1 Introduction 163 8.2 English passive constructions 164 8.2.1 Canonical passive 164 8.2.

2 Prepositional passive 167 8.2.3 Semantic and pragmatic constraints 168 8.2.4 Adjectival and get-passive 169 8.3 Korean passive constructions 171 8.3.1 Lexical and syntactic passives 171 8.

3.2 Typical Syntactic passives 174 8.3.3 Light-Verb pseudo syntactic passive 177 8.3.4 Inchoative and stative pseudo syntactic passive 181 8.4 Contrastive notes 182 8.4.

1 Similarities 182 8.4.2 Structural differences 183 8.4.3 Non-canonical passives 183 8.5 Conclusion 184 9 Interrogative constructions: Asking a question 189 9.1 Clausal types and interrogatives 189 9.2 English interrogatives 190 9.

2.1 Yes-No questions and answering system 190 9.2.2 Tag questions 193 9.2.3 Alternative questions 193 9.2.4 Direct wh-questions and syntactic structures 194 9.

2.5 Indirect wh-questions 199 9.2.6 Infinitival wh-questions 201 9.2.7 Multiple wh-questions 201 9.3 Korean interrogatives 202 9.3.

1 Yes-No question and response particles 202 9.3.2 Wh-questions 203 9.3.3 Indirect questions 208 9.3.4 Multiple wh-questions 210 9.3.

5 Questions with a different illocutionary force 211 9.4 Contrastive notes 212 9.4.1 Polar questions and response particles 213 9.4.2 Wh-questions: in-situ or not 213 9.4.3 Interpreting wh-expression 214 9.

5 Conclusion 214 10 Relative clauses: Building bigger nominal expressions 219 10.1 Modifying an NP in the postnominal position 219 10.2 Relative clauses in English 220 10.2.1 Wh-relative clauses 220 10.2.2 Wh- vs. that-relative clause 225 10.

2.3 Reduced relative clause 226 10.2.4 Finite vs. infinitival relative clause 226 10.2.5 Restrictive vs. Non-restrictive relative clauses 227 10.

3 Relative clauses in Korean 229 10.3.1 Complex NPs 229 10.3.2 Canonical relative clauses 231 10.3.3 Internally headed relative clause 234 10.3.

4 Pseudo-relative clause 236 10.4 Contrastive notes 239 10.4.1 Relative pronoun or not 239 10.4.2 Types of relative clauses 239 10.4.3 Context-sensitive relative clauses 241 10.

5 Conclusion 241 11 Topic and focus: Specifying given and new information 245 11.1 Introduction 245 11.2 Topic constructions in English 246 11.3 Topic constructions in Korean 249 11.3.1 General properties 249 11.3.2 Semantic/pragmatic classifications: Aboutness, contrastive, and scene-setting 250 11.

3.3 Syntactic classifications and structures 252 11.4 Focus constructions in English 257 11.4.1 General properties 257 11.4.2 Cleft constructions in English and their syntactic structures 258 11.5 Focus constructions in Korean 262 11.

5.1 General properties 262 11.5.2 Cleft constructions in Korean 264 11.5.3 Multiple nominative focus construction 268 11.6 Contrastive notes 271 11.6.

1 Subject-prominent vs. topic prominent 271 11.6.2 Types of topic 271 11.6.3 Focus constructions: cleft and multiple nominative 272 11.7 Conclusion 273 12 Comparative constructions: Comparing two things and situations 277 12.1 Introduction 277 12.

2 English comparatives 278 12.2.1 Clausal and phrasal comparatives 278 12.2.2 Coordination vs. Subordination properties 278 12.2.3 Comparative deletion and ellipsis 280 12.

3 Korean comparatives 282 12.3.1 General properties 282 12.3.2 Structure of the phrasal comparatives 285 12.3.3 Structure of the clausal comparatives 287 12.3.

4 Context-dependent comparatives 290 12.4 Contrastive notes 291 12.4.1 Types of comparatives 291 12.4.2 Comparative morpheme and standard marker 292 12.4.3 Comparative deletion and comparative ellipsis 292 12.

4.4 Context dependency 292 12.5 Conclusion 293 13 Agreement: Harmonizing together 297 13.1 Introduction 297 13.2 Agreement in English 298 13.2.1 Agreement features in English 298 13.2.

2 Determiner-Head agreement 298 13.2.3 Pronoun-antecedent agreement 299 13.2.4 Subject-verb agreement as morphosyntactic agreement 299 13.2.5 Subject-verb agreement as index agreement 300 13.3 Agreement in Korean 301 13.

3.1 Subject-verb agreement as honorific agreement 301 13.3.2 Addressee agreement 303 13.3.3 Multiple honorification 303 13.3.4 Agreement in auxiliary constructions 304 13.

4 Contrastive notes 306 13.4.1 Subject-verb agreement 306 13.4.2 Other types of agreement 306 13.5 Conclusion 307 14 Figurative languages and metaphors: those we live by 311 14.