32 ETHICAL GURUS 1. One anonymous sage: the Rta/Tao/Logos, Four Sages from the East 2. The Hindu Tradition: The Four Wants of Man 3. Buddha: Nirvana 4. Lao Tzu: Nature's Way 5. Confucius: Social Harmony Three Sages from the West 6. Moses: Divine Law 7. Jesus: Agape Love 8.
Muhammad: "Islam" Three Classic Greek Founders of Philosophy 9. Socrates: the Primacy of Wisdom ("Virtue is Knowledge") 10. Plato: a, No double standard: ethics and politics; b. Platonic ideas: the objective reality of goodness; c. Justice as health of soul and therefore always profitable 11. Aristotle: a.Happiness as the end, the greatest good; b. Virtue as the road to happiness; c.
The good as teleological; d. The golden mean as the key to virtue; e. Ethics as dependent on metaphysics; f. The (later) idea of "natural law" Three Lesser but More Popular Ancient Philosophers 12. Protagoras 13. Epicurus: Hedonism 14. Epicurus: Stoicism Three Medieval Christian Saints 15. St.
Augustine: a. Love as gravity; b. Only two kinds of people; c. The restless heart 16. St. Anselm: The Good greater than which nothing can be thought 17. Thomas Aquinas: a. The role of faith and reason; b.
Four kinds of law; c. The four cardinal virtues and the three theological virtues; d. Eight candidates for happiness Three Modern Political Philosophers 18. Machiavelli: the good as the practical 19. Hobbes: the good as power 20. Rousseau: the good as feeling Three Classic Modern Ethical Alternatives 21. Hume: the good as subjective 22. Kant: a.
The good as goodwill; b. Goodwill as duty; c. Duty as the "categorical imperative" 23. Mill: Utilitarianism: the good as maximally happy consequences Three Existentialists 24. Kierkegaard: Aesthetics, Ethics, and Religion 25. Nietzsche: a. The genealogy of morals as resentment; b. The Superman: "beyond good and evil", c.
"The will to power" 26. Sartre: a. God vs. freedom; b. Love vs freedom Two Personalists 27. Marcel: a. Being as value; b. Mysteries vs.
problems; c. "Creative fidelity" 28. Von Hildebrand: a. Three kinds of value; b. The ethics of the heart Three Analytic Philosophers 29. Ayer: the good as meaningless 30. Moore: the good as indefinable 31. Wittgenstein: the good as "mystical" 32.
Is ethics dead? MacIntyre "After Virtue" vs. Aquinas Conclusions Appendix I: Suggestions for questions for original essays or debates Appendix II: Ten methods from the philosophers for writing original essays.