1. Introduction.- 2. Turbulent Jets.- 1. Plane Jet.- 1.1 Governing Equations.
- 1.2 Integral Equations.- 1.3 Eulerian Integral Model.- 1.4 Entrainment Hypothesis.- 2. Round Jet.
- 2.1 Mean Flow Structure.- 2.2 Additional Remarks on 3D Jet:.- 3. Theory vs Experiment.- 3.1 Mean Properties.
- 3.2 Turbulence Properties.- 4. The Top-hat Profile.- 5. Prediction of Potential Core Length.- 6. Summary.
- 3. Turbulent Buoyant Plumes.- 1. Buoyancy and Reduced Gravity.- 2. Turbulent Round Plume.- 2.1 Dimensional Considerations.
- 2.2 Eulerian Integral Model.- 2.2.1 Governing Equations.- 2.2.2 Integral Model Equations.
- 2.2.3 Entrainment Hypothesis.- 2.2.4 Asymptotic Solution.- 2.2.
5 Densimetric Froude number.- 2.2.6 Experiments.- 2.3 Effect of Initial Momentum: Vertical Buoyant Jet.- 2.4 Buoyancy Reduction due to Density-temperature Nonlinearity.
- 3. Lagrangian Approach for Plume Modelling.- 4. Negatively Buoyant Jets.- 5. Turbulent Line Plume.- 6. Summary.
- 4. Inclined Buoyant Jet in Stagnant Environment.- 1. Lagrangian Model for Buoyant Jet in Stagnant Fluid.- 1.1 Zone of Established Flow (ZEF).- 1.2 The Potential Core (ZFE).
- 2. Numerical Solution.- 2.1 Jet Trajectory and Potential Core Development.- 2.2 Dilution.- 2.3 Boundary effects.
- 3. Application Examples.- 4. Summary.- 5. Density Stratification.- 1. Buoyancy Variation.
- 1.1 Salinity Equation.- 1.2 Temperature Equation.- 1.3 Stratification Frequency.- 2. Thermals in Stratified Fluid.
- 2.1 Round Thermals.- 2.2 Line Thermal.- 3. Plumes in Stratified Fluid.- 3.1 Round Plume in Linearly Stratified Environment.
- 3.2 Plane Plume in Linearly Stratified Environment.- 3.3 Plumes in arbitrary density stratification.- 4. Plume in a Container.- 5. Summary.
- 6. Turbulent Round Jet in Coflow.- 1. Summary of Experimental Observations.- 1.1 Cross-sectional Images.- 1.2 Gaussian Profiles.
- 2. Integral Model.- 2.1 The Natural but Incorrect Formulation.- 2.2 Jet Spreading Hypothesis.- 2.3 Governing Equations.
- 2.4 Approximate Initial Conditions.- 2.5 Prediction of Potential Core Length.- 2.6 Alternative Definition of Characteristic Velocity.- 3. Asymptotic Solutions: Strong and Weak-jet.
- 4. Comparison of Theory with Experimental Data.- 4.1 Jet Spreading Rate.- 4.2 Centerline Dilution.- 4.3 Centerline Excess Velocity Decay.
- 4.4 The Entrainment Coefficient.- 5. Correlation of Model Results with Experiments.- 5.1 Visual Boundary.- 5.1.
1 Intermittency and top-hat edge.- 5.1.2 Visual boundary.- 5.2 Flow-weighted Average Dilution.- 5.3 Summary of Experimental Data.
- 6. Summary.- 7. Jet in Crossflow: Advected Line Puffs.- 1. Length Scales and Regimes.- 1.1 Line Puff Analogy for MDFF.
- 1.2 Similarity Variables for the Line Puff.- 2. 1D Model of Line Puff.- 3. 2D Model of Line Puff.- 3.1 Numerical Simulation of Line Puffs.
- 4. 3D Model of Jet in Crossflow.- 4.1 The Advected Line Puff.- 4.2 3D Model of Advected Line Puff226.- 4.2.
1 Characteristics of advected line puff.- 5. Measurements in Advected Line Puffs.- 5.1 Time-averaged properties.- 5.2 Turbulence properties.- 6.
Practical Application.- 7. Summary.- 8. Plume in Crossflow: Advected Line Thermals.- 1. Length Scales and Regimes.- 1.
1 Line-Thermal Analogy for BDFF.- 1.2 Similarity Variables for the Line Thermal.- 2. 1D Model of Line thermal.- 3. 2D Model of Line Thermal.- 3.
1 Numerical Simulation of Line Thermals.- 4. 3D Model of Plume in Crossflow.- 4.1 The Advected Line Thermal.- 4.2 3D model of Advected Line Thermal.- 4.
2.1 Characteristics of advected line thermal.- 5. Measurements in Line Thermals.- 5.1 Experiments on Advected Line Thermals.- 5.2 Concentration Measurements.
- 5.3 Summary of Experimental Data.- 6. Buoyant Jet in Crossflow.- 6.1 Line Thermals and Puffs.- 6.2 Application Example.
- 7. Summary.- 9. General Lagrangian Formulation.- 1. Elemental Volume.- 2. Method of Excesses.
- 3. Spreading Hypothesis.- 3.1 Projected Area Entrainment.- 3.2 Surface Area Entrainment.- 3.3 Shear Entrainment.
- 3.4 Summary.- 4. Puffs and Thermals.- 5. Buoyant Jet in Crossflow.- 5.1 Zone of Established Flow.
- 5.2 Potential Core in the ZEF.- 6. Summary.- 10.Numerical Modelling and Field Application.- 1. Initial Dilution of Buoyant Plumes in a Current: the BDNF and BDFF.
- 1.1 The BDNF-BDFF Transition.- 2. JETLAG -- a Lagrangian buoyant jet model.- 2.1 Overview of Model.- 2.2 Basic Concepts of Lagrangian Model.
- 2.3 Model Formulation.- 2.4 Shear and Vortex Entrainment.- 2.5 Formulation for Near-Far Field Transition.- 2.6 Comparison of Model Predictions with Laboratory Data.
- 3. Field Application and Verification.- 3.1 Post-operation Monitoring of Sydney Outfall.- 3.2 Field Verification at North West New Territories outfall, Urmston Road, Hong Kong.- 3.3 Environmental Impact Assessment of the Hong Kong SSDS Ocean Outfall.
- 3.4 VISJET -- Interactive Virtual Reality Model.- Appendices.- A-- Density of Seawater.- B-- Notation.- References.