List of Figures; List of Tables; Part I. Overview: 1. Enduring Issues; 2. Findings and Lessons; Part II. The Long Rise, and its Causes: 3. Why Poor Relief Arrived So Late; 4. The Dawn of Mass Schooling before 1914; 5. Public Education since 1914; 6.

More, but Different, Social Spending in Rich Countries since 1914; 7. Is the Rest of the World Following a Different Path?; Part III. What Effects?: 8. Effects on Growth, Jobs, and Life; 9. Why No Net Loss of GDP or Work?; 10. Do the Rich Pay the Poor for All This?; Part IV. Confronting Threats: 11. Do Immigration Tensions Fray the Safety Nets?; 12.

Pensions and the Curse of Long Life; 13. Approaches to Public Pension Reform; 14. Borrowing Social-Spending Lessons; Appendix A. Sources and Notes for Chapters 3 and 4; Appendix B. Sources and Notes for Chapter 10; Appendix C. Chapter 12's Pension Accounting - Equations and Forecasts; Acknowledgements; Notes; References; Index.