Introduction Chapter 1: Past to Present: A Historical Look at Retention Joseph B. Berger, Geraldo Blanco Ramirez, and Susan Lyons Chapter 2: Measurements of Persistence Thomas G. Mortenson Chapter 3: Retention Theories, Models and Concepts Lonnie Morrison, Loretta Silverman Chapter 4: How to Define Retention: A New Look at an Old Problem Linda Serra Hagedorn Chapter 5: Finances and Retention: Trends and Inplications John H. Schuh and Ann Gansemer-Topf Chapter 6: Pre-College and Institutional Influences on Degree Attainment Alexander W. Astin and Leticia Oseguera Chapter 7: The Community College: Retention Trends and Issues Gloria Crisp and Liliana Mina Chapter 8: Pathways to a Four-Year Degree: Determinants of Transfer and Degree Completion among Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Students Alberto F. Cabrera, Kurt R. Burkum, Steven M. LaNasa, and Erin W.

Bibo Chapter 9: Online Student Retention Daniel W. Salter Chapter 10: Student Persistence and Degree Attainment Beyond the First Year in College: Existing Knowledge and Directions for Future Research Amaury Nora and Gloria Crisp Chapter 11: Moving From Theory to Action: A Model of Institutional Action for Student Success Vincent Tinto Chapter 12: Taking Action: A Formula and Model for Student Success Alan Seidman.