Introduction Effectiveness of Acute Pain Management Adverse Effects of Undertreated Severe Acute Pain Acute Pain Management and Patient Outcomes Delivery of Effective Acute Pain Management Education Guidelines and Protocols Acute Pain Services Assessment and Monitoring Types of Pain Assessment of Pain and Pain Relief Assessment of Adverse Effects Pharmacology of Opioids Mechanism of Action Effects of Opioids Predictors of Opioid Dose Titration of Opioid Dose Commonly Used Opioid Agonists Agonist¿Antagonists Opioid Antagonists Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics Mechanism of Action Efficacy of Local Anesthetics Adverse Effects of Local Anesthetics and Their Management Commonly Used Local Anesthetic Drugs Nonopioid and Adjuvant Analgesic Agents Paracetamol Nonselective Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs COX-2 Selective Inhibitors (coxibs) Alpha-2-adrenergic Agonist Drugs Antidepressant Drugs Anticonvulsant Drugs Membrane Stabilizing Drugs Inhalational Agents Calcitonin Glucocorticoids Systemic Routes of Opioid Administration Oral Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Intravenous Rectal Transdermal Transmucosal Patient-Controlled Analgesia Equipment Analgesic Drugs Used with PCA The PCA "Prescription" Requirements for the Safe Management of PCA Management of Inadequate Analgesia Complications of PCA "Step-down" Analgesia Alternative Systemic Routes of PCA Administration Epidural and Intrathecal Analgesia Anatomy Contraindications Drugs Used with Epidural Analgesia Requirements for the Safe Management of Epidural Analgesia Patient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia Management of Inadequate Analgesia "Step-down" Analgesia Complications and side Effects of Epidural Analgesia Concurrent Antithrombotic or Antiplatelet Therapy Intrathecal Analgesia Other Regional and Local Analgesia Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blockade Intraarticular Analgesia Wound Infiltration Topical Analgesia Nonpharmacological Therapies Psychological Interventions Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Acupuncture Physical Interventions Acute Neuropathic and Persistent Postacute Pain Pathophysiology of Neuropathic Pain Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Neuropathic Pain Acute Neuropathic Pain Syndromes Treatment of Acute Neuropathic Pain Progression of Acute to Persistent Pain Preventive Analgesia Nonsurgical Acute Pain Burns Injury Spinal Cord Injury Other Specific Conditions More Complex Patients Older Patients Opioid-Tolerant Patients Patients with an Addiction Disorder Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Pregnant or Lactating Patients Patients with Renal or Hepatic Impairment Opioid Analgesia after Discharge from Hospital Potential Risks Choice of Discharge Opioid Regimen Information for Patients and Treating Doctors Self-Assessment Questions Answers Index.