Sensors, Circuits, and Systems for Scientific Instruments: Back-Ends and Applications explores the design of sensors and circuits for precision measurements. Building upon the foundational concepts explored in the author's introductory first volume, this advanced text focuses on the processes involved in the later stages of a measurement, including data converters, digital signal processing, parameter estimation, machine learning, and system-level integration and deployment. The volume also enables students to gain further insights into the testing, verification, and synthesis of these processes through real-life case studies featuring a variety of scientific instruments. Tailored for senior-level undergraduates and entry-level graduate students in electrical and computer engineering, applied physics, biomedical engineering, and related fields, this book bridges the gap between texts focused on specialized components and broad survey-style overviews. It has the following key features: Develops a unified treatment of modern scientific instruments by combining knowledge of high-performance sensors, semiconductor devices, circuits, signal processing, and embedded computing, Focuses on fundamental concepts in precision sensing and interface circuitry (accuracy, precision, linearity, noise, etc.) and their impact on system-level performance, Introduces readers to the indispensable role of signal-detection theory, pattern recognition, and machine learning for modern scientific instrumentation, Presents multiple case studies and examples to demonstrate how theoretical concepts are translated into real-life measurement systems.