Preface to the Fourth Edition xv1 An Overview of the Criminal Justice Process in the United States 11.1 The Pretrial Process 11.1.1 Investigation 11.1.2 Arrest 31.1.3 Initial Appearance 31.

1.4 Preliminary Hearing 41.1.5 Grand Jury 41.1.6 Arraignment 61.1.7 Motions 61.

2 The Trial 81.3 Post-Trial 111.3.1 Motions 111.3.2 Sentencing 111.3.3 Appeal 131.

3.4 Habeas Corpus 131.3.5 Parole 141.3.6 Executive Clemency 141.3.7 Clemency and Parole in the MilitaryJustice System 141.

4 The Role of the US Supreme Court:The Incorporation Doctrine 151.4.1 The Form; Impact 151.4.2 Criminal Procedure Rights Incorporated 151.4.3 Criminal Procedure Rights Not Incorporated 161.5 State Constitutional Law 17References 18 2 The Exclusion of Evidence: Its Reach, Its Limits 192.

1 The Exclusionary Rule 192.1.1 Background and History 192.1.2 The Rule Today 222.1.3 The Good-Faith Exception 222.1.

4 Instances Where the Exclusionary RuleDoes Not Apply 252.2 Standing 272.2.1 The Approaches 282.2.2 The Current Doctrine 282.2.3 Guests, Visitors, and Associates 292.

2.4 The Impact 302.3 Fruit of the Poisonous Tree 312.3.1 The Doctrine 312.3.2 "Tangible" Evidence 322.3.

3 Defendant''s Own Statements 332.3.4 Third-Party Witnesses 342.3.5 Identification Testimony 342.3.6 Fifth Amendment Violations 352.3.

7 Limitations on the Doctrine 362.3.8 The Presence of the Accused as the Fruitof the Poisonous Tree 372.3.9 The Connection between Standing and Fruitof the Poisonous Tree 382.4 Enforcement of the Exclusionary Rule:Motion to Suppress 382.5 Waiver and Consent 392.5.

1 The Principles 392.5.2 Consent Searches 402.5.3 Privilege against Self-Incrimination 432.5.4 Jury Trial 442.5.

5 Right to Counsel 452.5.6 Waiver of an Appealable Issue 462.6 Harmless Error 472.6.1 The Doctrine 472.6.2 Application 482.

6.3 Nonconstitutional Errors 482.6.4 Constitutional Errors 49References 503 The Fourth Amendment: Searches and Seizures 533.1 Arrests: Definition and Application 533.2 Probable Cause Requirement for Arrest 553.2.1 The Terry Stop 573.

2.2 "Stop and Identify" 583.2.3 Immigration Detentions 603.2.4 Detention at Premises of Lawful Search 603.2.5 Automobile Stops 613.

2.6 Station House Questioning, Fingerprinting,and the Taking of DNA 623.2.7 Border Detentions 623.2.8 Grand Jury Subpoena 643.3 The Warrant Requirement 643.3.

1 The Arrest Warrant 643.3.2 Exigent Circumstances 653.3.3 Other "Private Areas" for Which a WarrantIs Required 673.4 Seizure of Property and Persons 683.5 Searches Pursuant to Warrants 703.5.

1 Challenging the Probable Cause Determinationin a Warrant 703.5.2 The Particular Description in theWarrant 713.5.3 "Neutral and Detached" Magistrate 723.5.4 Execution of the Warrant 733.5.

5 Search and Detention during the Executionof a Warrant 753.5.6 Military Law Variations 753.5.7 Exceptions to the Search Warrant Mandate 773.6 Public School Searches 883.7 Administrative Searches 913.8 Items Held Out to the Public 923.

9 Electronic Surveillance: The Basic Doctrine 953.9.1 Warrant Mandate for Electronic Surveillance 963.9.2 Statutory Requirements 963.9.3 Equipment Installation 973.9.

4 Pen Registers 973.9.5 "Uninvited Ear" Exception 983.9.6 The Wired Informer 983.9.7 Video and Tracking Surveillance 1003.10 Due Process Violations: A Limited Principle 100References 4 Incriminating Statements 1054.

1 The Privilege against Self-Incrimination 1054.2 The Basis for the Privilege 1074.3 Asserting the Privilege 1094.3.1 Timing 1094.3.2 Scope 1104.3.

3 Documents 1134.3.4 Compulsion 1144.3.5 Immunity 1154.4 Due Process Approach to Reviewing Confessions 1184.4.1 Voluntariness Test 1184.

4.2 McNabb/Mallory Test 1204.4.3 Harmless Error 1214.4.4 State Action 1224.4.5 Totality of the Circumstances Test 1224.

4.6 Force 1224.4.7 Deception 1234.4.8 False Friends 1244.5 Application of the Right to Counsel: PretrialStatements 1244.5.

1 Sixth Amendment 124viiCONTENTS4.5.2 Stage of the Proceedings 1254.5.3 Role of Counsel 1254.5.4 Waiving Counsel 1264.5.

5 Offense Specific 1274.6 Miranda v. Arizona 1274.6.1 The Holding 1284.6.2 The Requirement of Custody 1294.6.

3 Interrogation: The "FunctionalEquivalence" Test 1304.6.4 The Warnings 1314.6.5 Waivers 1324.6.6 Resumption of Interrogation 1344.6.

7 Impeachment 1354.6.8 Public Safety Exception 1364.6.9 No Penalty for Silence or ElectionNot to Testify 1364.6.10 Fruit of the Poisonous Tree 1384.6.

11 Standing 1394.6.12 Congressional Mandate 1394.7 The Right against Self-Incrimination in the MilitarySetting 140References 1435 Other Limitations on the Investigation Process 1475.1 Introduction 1475.2 Entrapment 1485.2.1 The Two Tests 1485.

2.2 Not Constitutionally Based 1495.2.3 The Subjective Test: Elements 1495.2.4 The Subjective Test: Inducement 1505.2.5 The Subjective Test: Predisposition 1525.

2.6 Entrapment as a Matter of Law 1545.3 The Objective Test 1575.3.1 The Objective Test: Elements 1585.3.2 The Objective Test: Proof Requirements 1585.4 Due Process 1605.

4.1 The Criminal Search Setting: The Standard of"Shocks the Conscience" 1605.4.2 The Entrapment Context 160References 163 6 The Right to Counsel 1676.1 Constitutional Basis: The Sixth Amendment 1676.2 Gideon v. Wainwright: The Holding 1706.2.

1 Determining Indigency 1706.2.2 The Actual Imprisonment Standard 1726.2.3 The Stage of the Process: When the RightApplies 1746.2.4 Appeals 1776.2.

5 Assistance in Addition to Counsel 1806.3 The Practice Issues 1826.3.1 Waiver 1826.3.2 The Right to a Pro Se Defense 1836.3.3 Assistance with Self-Representation 1836.

3.4 Ineffective Assistance of Counsel 1856.3.5 State Interference 1886.3.6 Joint Representation 1896.3.7 Attorney Incompetence 1906.

4 Contrasting Scope of the Fifth and SixthAmendments 192References 1977 Identification 2017.1 The Fifth Amendment 2017.1.1 Limited Use of Self-Incrimination Claim inIdentification 2027.1.2 Application of the Doctrine 2027.1.3 Refusal to Cooperate in IdentificationProcedures 2047.

2 The Sixth Amendment Right to Counseland Confrontation 2057.2.1 Stage of the Proceeding 2057.2.2 Nature of the Proceeding 2067.2.3 Remedy for Violations of the Right to Counsel 2077.3 Due Process 2087.

3.1 The Test: Reliability 2097.3.2 Factors Used for Determining Reliability 2107.4 Expert Testimony 2127.5 Identification as Fruit of an IllegalSearch or Seizure 212References 2148 Pretrial Matters 2178.1 The Stages 2178.2 The Bail Hearing 2178.

2.1 Constitutional Basis 2178.2.2 Excessive Bail 2178.2.3 Preventative Detention 2188.3 The Preliminary Examination 2198.4 The Indictment 2218.

4.1 Constitutional and Statutory Basis 2218.4.2 The Grand Jury 2228.4.3 Challenging an Indictment 2248.5 Information 2268.6 Charge Sheet 2268.

7 Selective Prosecution 2278.8 Discovery 2278.8.1 Constitutional Requirements 2288.8.2 Discovery Mandated by Statutes andRules of Court 2298.8.3 Disclosure of Informant''s Identity 2308.

8.4 Discovery from the Defense 2308.9 Venue 2328.9.1 Constitutional Basis 232 9 The Trial 2539.1 The Judge 2539.1.1 Neutrality 2539.

1.2 Challenge for Removal 2549.1.3 Self-Disqualification 2559.2 The Jury 2569.2.1 Impartiality 2569.2.

2 Challenges for Cause 2569.2.3 Peremptory Challenges 2579.2.4 Entitlement to a Jury Trial 2589.2.5 Waiver of Right 2599.2.

6 Size 2599.2.7 Unanimity 2609.2.8 Challenging the Jury Verdict 2619.2.9 Capital Punishment Prosecutions 2629.2.

10 Inconsistent Verdicts 2629.3 Multiple-Defendant Trials 2639.3.1 Joinder and Severance Generally 2639.3.2 Joinder of Charges 2639.3.3 Joinder of Parties 2639.

3.4 Severance 2649.3.5 Spillover 2649.3.6 Antagonistic Defenses 2659.3.7 Codefendant Confessions 2669.

4 Public Trials 2669.4.1 Closure of Proceedings 2679.4.2 Judicial Findings 2689.4.3 Televising Trials 2689.5 Right to Confront Witnesses 2699.

5.1 Defendant''s Right to Be Present 2699.5.2 Personal Confrontation of Witnesses 2709.5.3 Cross-Examination 2729.5.4 Compulsory Process 2759.

6 Presumption of Innocence 276References 27810 Sentencing 28110.1 Common Practices 28110.1.1 Discretion 28110.1.2 Sentencing Guidelines 28210.1.3 Jury Participation 28310.

1.4 Sentencing Considerations 28510.1.5 Sentencing Options 28610.2 Procedures 28610.2.1 Right to a Lawyer 28610.2.

2 Confrontation 28810.2.3 Evidence Rules Eased 28910.2.4 Limited Review on Appeal 28910.2.5 Resentencing 29010.3 Eighth Amendment Limitations 29110.

4 Capital Cases 292References 29711 Postconviction 30111.1 Appeal 30111.1.1 Usual Process 30211.1.2 Constitutional Requirements 30411.2 Collateral Procedures 30611.3 Habeas Corpus 30611.

3.1 A Civil Action with No Right to Counsel 30811.3.2 Custody 30811.3.3 The Antiterrorism and Effective Death PenaltyAct of 1996 30911.3.4 Exhaustion Mandate 31211.

3.5 Special Fourth Amendment Rule 31411.4 Retroactivity 315References 31712 Double Jeopardy and Ex Post Facto 32112.1 The Constitutional Basis 32112.2 The Same Offense 32212.2.1 The Blockburger Test 32312.2.

2 Multiple Victims 32412.2.3 Chronologically Distinct Actions 32412.3 Procedures 32512.3.1 When Jeopardy Attaches 32512.3.2 Mistrials 32612.

3.3 Appeals 32812.4 The Dual Sovereignty Doctrine 33012.5 Collateral Estoppel 33112.6 Ex Post Facto 33312.6.1 The Constitutional Basis 333References 334Table of Cases 337Index 385.