Table of Contents Contents Preface Part I Development of Microscopes Introduction to Part I 1 Connections between Light, Vision, and Microscopes 2 Concepts and Criteria of Resolution 2.1 Introduction: What Is Resolution? 2.2 The Role of Diffraction in Image Formation 2.3 The Development of the Two-Point Resolution Concept: The Classical Criteria 2.3.1 George Biddell Airy on Resolution: Airy Diffraction Pattern 2.3.2 Lord Rayleigh on Resolution 2.

3.3 C. M. Sparrow on resolution 2.4 Other Criteria of Resolution 2.4.1 Resolution Based on the Point-Spread Function 2.4.

2 Fourier-Based Resolution Criteria 2.4.3 Nyquist Theorem-Based Resolution Criteria 2.5 The Optical Transfer Function and the Modulation Transfer Function 2.6 The Concept of the Diffraction Limit 2.7 Early Concepts of Superresolution 2.8 Again, What Is Resolution? References 3 Aberrations and Artifacts Confound Optical Resolution 3.1 What You See May Not Be What It Is 3.

2 Aberrations in Microscopy 3.3 Artifacts in Microscopy Reference 4 Insights in the Development of Light Microscopes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Development of Light Microscopes: Case Studies References 5 Ernst Abbe and His Contributions to Optics 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Ernst Abbe, a Brief Biography 5.3 Abbe''s Contributions to Optics 5.3.

1 Abbe Sine Condition 5.3.2 Abbe Number 5.3.3 Improved Manufacturing Methods and the Increased Accuracy of Optical Instruments 5.3.4 Abbe''s New Illumination System for the Microscope 5.3.

5 Abbe''s Homogeneous Immersion References 6 Abbe''s Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Barry R. Masters'' Translation of Abbe''s 1873 Theory of Image Formation in a Microscope 6.3 Commentary on Abbe''s 1873 Publication 6.3.1 The Key Points in Abbe''s Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung 6.3.

2 The Dissemination and Understanding of Abbe''s Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope 6.4 Stephenson''s Paper on Abbe''s Experiments Illustrating Abbe''s Theory of Microscopic Vision 6.5 Further Commentary and the English Reception to Abbe''s "Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung" 6.6. Summary Remarks on Abbe''s Theory and Abbe''s Experiments References 7 Contributions of Helmholtz, Rayleigh, and Porter to the Understanding of the Resolution of the Microscope 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Helmholtz and His 1874 Publication: "On the Limits of Optical Capacity of the Microscope" 7.2.

1 "Die theoretische Grenze für die Leistungsfähigkeit der Mikroskope" [On the Theoretical Limits of the Optical Capacity (Resolution) of the Microscope] English translation by Barry R. Masters 7.2.2 Commentary on Helmholtz''s Publication "On the Limits of the Optical Capacity [Resolution] of the Microscope" 7.3 Rayleigh''s Papers: "On the Theory of Optical Images with Special Reference to the Microscope" 7.4 Porter''s 1906 Publication: "On the Diffraction Theory of Microscopic Vision" References 8 Further Insights to Abbe''s Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope Based on Diffraction 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Zernike''s Insights on Abbe''s Theory and the Zeiss Werke Culture 8.

3 Abbe''s Diffraction Experiments Parts 1-5, by Peter Evennett, Dresden Imaging Facility Network, 2001 References 9 Mathematical Description of Abbe''s Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope Based on Diffraction 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Mathematical Description of Abbe''s Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope Based on Diffraction References Part II Optical Techniques to Enhance Contrast in the Microscope Introduction to Part II 10 Richard Zsigmondy and Henry Siedentopf''s Ultramicroscope 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Ultramicroscope: Design, Development and Applications References 11 Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM) 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Reviews of Instrument Design, Capabilities, and Limitations of LSFM 11.3 Optical Projection Tomography (OPT) 11.

4 Instrumentation: Construction, Advantages, Limitations, and Applications 11.5 Innovation on the Illumination Side of the Microscope: Bessel and Airy Beams 11.5.1 Bessel Beams and their use in fluorescent light-sheet microscopy 11.5.2 Airy Beams and their use in Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy References 12 Approaches to Phase Microscopy to Enhance Contrast 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Phase-contrast microscopy 12.

3 Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy 12.4 Hoffman modulation contrast (HMC) microscopy References Part III Far-Field Superresolution Optical Microscopy Introduction to Part III 13 Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Antecedents of SIM 13.3 Linear SIM 13.4 Nonlinear SIM 13.5 Overview of SIM References 14 Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy and Related Techniques 14.1 Introduction 14.

1.1 Introduction to molecular spectroscopy 14.1.2 Einstein''s 1916 concept of stimulated emission 14.1.3 Spiral phase plates to convert a plane wave to focused light with an annular intensity profile and a zero intensity at the center 14.2 Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy 14.2.

1 Historical Perspectives 14.2.2 STED Foundations, Instrumentation, and Applications 14.3 Ground State Depletion (GSD) Microscopy 14.4 Reversible Saturable Optical Fluorescence Transitions (RESOLFT) Microscopy 14.5 Advances in Instrumentation, Probes, and Applications References 15 Localization Microscopy with Active Control 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Antecedent Publications 15.

3 Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM) 15.3.1 Steps towards PALM 15.3.2 The invention and development of PALM 15.4 Interferometric photoactivated localization microscopy (iPALM) 15.5 Fluorescence Photoactivation Localization Microscopy (FPALM) 15.6 PALM with Independently Running Acquisition (PALMIRA) 15.

7 Superresolution Optical Fluctuation Imaging (SOFI) 15.8 Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) 15.8.1 Introduction 15.8.2 The first STORM publication 15.8.3 Developments of STORM 15.

9 Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (direct STORM or dSTORM) 15.10 General Comments on Localization Microscopy with Active Control References 16 Coda: Trade-Offs, Cautions, and Limitations of Far-Field Superresolution Optical Microscopes 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Highly Desirable Future Developments References Appendix A. Annotated Biography of key publications relevant to Abbe''s Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops 1873 A.1 Introduction A.2 Contribution of Nägeli and Schwendener, Das Mikroskop, Theorie und Anwendung desselben [ The Microscope, Theory and Applications ] (1867, 1877). A.

3 Contribution of Leopold Dippel, Das Mikroskop und Seine Anwendung , Second Edition [ The Microscope and its Applications ] (1882) A.4 Contribution of Siegfried Czapski, Theorie der Optischen Instrumente nach Abbe [ Theory of Optical Instruments after Abbe ] (1893) A.5 Contribution of Dr. Albrecht Zimmermann, Das Mikroskop. Ein Leitfaden der wissenschaftlichen Mikroskopie [ The Microscope, A Manual of Scientific Microscopy ] (1895) A.6 Contribution of William B. Carpenter and W. H.

Dallinger, The Microscope and its Revelations , Eighth Edition (1901) A.7 Contributions of Siegfried Czapski, In: A. Winkelmann, Ed. Handbuch der Physik , Zweite Auflage, Sechster Band, Optik (1906) A.8 Contributions of Otto Lummer and Fritz Reiche, Die Lehre von der Bildentstehung im Mikroskop von Ernst Abbe [ The theory of image formation in the microscope by Ernst Abbe ] (1910). A.9 Contributions of Siegfried Czapski and Otto Eppenstein, Grundzüge der Theorie der optischen Instrumente nach Abbe . Dritte Auflage.

[ Fundamentals of the theory of optical instruments after Abbe . Third Edition]. (1924) A.10.