This book covers both the technological development and biomedical applications of NADH fluorescence. Topics covered include perspectives on the history of monitoring NADH fluorescence, the relationship between mitochondrial function and other functions at the tissue level, responses of NADH to physiological and pathophysiological conditions, monitoring of NADH in the human brain and other organs, and metabolism. It also includes an in-depth look at flavoprotein (Fp) fluorescence and NADH in relation to redox state. This is an ideal book for biomedical engineers, researchers, and graduate students interested in learning the biomedical applications of NADH fluorescence. This new edition includes a thoroughly updated introduction, taking the reader through oxygen in experimental animals and the human body, the discovery of oxygen and the mitochondrian, and also brain energy metabolism. It also includes a completely updated section on the effects of pharmacological agents, and a discussion of differences and similarities between mitochondrial metabolic functions in the brain monitored in vitro and in vivo, the brain and tissue metabolic score (TMS), and more.