Preface About the Author PART I: WHY DO WE USE STATISTICS? 1 Why Statistics? What Can Statistics Do for Me? Research Design and Statistics Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself 2 The Starting Place: Data and Distributions Populations and Samples Types of Data Frequency Distributions Frequency Distributions in Excel Frequency Distributions in SPSS Summary of Frequency Distributions Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself 3 Probability and Sampling Concepts of Probability Sampling Techniques Distribution of Sample Means Introduction Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself PART II: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 4 Central Tendency Central Tendency in Distributions Mean Median Mode Which Measure of Central Tendency Should I Use? Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself 5 Variability Variability in Distributions Range and Interquartile Range Standard Deviation Which Measure of Variability Should I Use? Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself 6 Presenting Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics in Graphs Descriptive Statistics in Tables APA Style for Graphs and Tables Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself PART III: BASICS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING 7 The Normal Distribution and z Scores The z Score Transformation The Normal Distribution Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself 8 Hypothesis-Testing Logic Using the Normal Distribution to Test Hypotheses Logic of Hypothesis Testing Types of Hypothesis-Testing Errors Statistical Significance Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself PART IV: THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF STATISTICAL TESTS 9 The t Distribution The t Distribution One-Sample t Test Using SPSS to Conduct a One-Sample t Test Test Assumptions Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself 10 Related/Paired Samples t Test Calculating a Related/Paired Samples t Test Using SPSS to Conduct a Related/Paired Samples t Test Test Assumptions Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself 11 Independent Samples t Test Independent Samples Calculating the Independent Samples t Test Using SPSS to Conduct an Independent Samples t Test Test Assumptions Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself 12 One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) More Than Two Independent Samples Calculating the F Score in an ANOVA Using SPSS to Conduct a One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA Test Assumptions Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself 13 Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Factorial Designs Calculating a Two-Way ANOVA Understanding Interactions Using SPSS to Calculate Two-Way Between-Subjects ANOVAs Test Assumptions Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself 14 One-Way Within-Subjects Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Within-Subjects Designs Calculating a Within-Subjects ANOVA Using SPSS to Calculate One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVAs Test Assumptions More Complex Within-Subjects Designs Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself 15 Correlation Tests and Simple Linear Regression Correlation Versus Causation Hypothesis Testing With Pearson r Using SPSS to Conduct a Pearson r Test Regression Analyses Nonlinear Relationships Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself 16 Chi-Square Tests Parametric Versus Nonparametric Tests Observed Versus Expected Frequencies Calculating a Chi-Square by Hand Calculating a Chi-Square Using SPSS Chapter Summary Thinking About Research Test Yourself Appendix A: Answers to Stop and Think Questions Appendix B: Unit Normal Table (z Table) Appendix C: t Distribution Table Appendix D: F Distribution Table Appendix E: Pearson r Critical Values Table Appendix F: Chi-Square Critical Values Table Glossary References Index.