Brief Table of Contents Preface xiii About the Authors xvii Acknowledgments xix Chapter 1 Children with Speech Sound Disorders 1 Chapter 2 Classification, Causes, and Co-occurrence 37 Chapter 3 Articulatory Foundations of Speech 60 Chapter 4 Transcription of Speech 84 Chapter 5 Theoretical Foundations of Children''s Speech 134 Chapter 6 Children''s Speech Acquisition 175 Chapter 7 Assessment Preparation, Purpose, and Types 220 Chapter 8 Assessment of Children''s Speech 244 Chapter 9 Analysis of Children''s Speech 288 Chapter 10 Goal Setting 340 Chapter 11 Intervention Principles and Plans 372 Chapter 12 Intervention Procedures and Evaluation 412 Chapter 13 Phonological Intervention Approaches 434 Chapter 14 Articulatory and Motor Speech Intervention Approaches 483 Chapter 15 Evidence-Based Practice in Practice 520 Chapter 16 Individual Children with Speech Sound Disorders: Case Studies 541 Glossary 570 References 583 Index 622 Detailed Table of Contents Preface xiii About the Authors xvii Acknowledgments xix Chapter 1 Children with Speech Sound Disorders 1 Overview 2 Defining SSD 4 Prevalence and Impact 9 Prevalence of Communication Disorders 10 Natural History and Long-Term Manifestation of SSD 14 Impact and Outcomes of Childhood SSD 17 Risk and Protective Factors for SSD 26 Evidence-Based Practice 33 Chapter summary 36 / Suggested reading 36 / Application of knowledge from Chapter 1 36 Chapter 2 Classification, Causes, and Co-occurrence 37 Overview 38 Types of SSD in Children 38 Classification Systems of Children with SSD 46 SSD of Known and Unknown Origins 51 Co-occurrence of SSD with Other Types of Communication Impairment 56 Chapter summary 59 / Suggested reading 59 / Application of knowledge from Chapter 2 59 Chapter 3 Articulatory Foundations of Speech 60 Overview 61 Anatomical Structures for Speech Production and Perception 61 Structures involved in speech production 61 Structures Involved in Speech Detection 78 Additional Anatomical Structures That Support Perception and Production of Speech 81 Chapter summary 83 / Suggested reading 83 / Application of knowledge from Chapter 3 83 Chapter 4 Transcription of Speech 84 Overview 85 Transcription of Speech 85 Extensions to the IPA 105 Phonotactics 106 Understanding English Consonants Using Knowledge of Anatomy and Auditory Transcription 108 Chapter summary 125 / Suggested reading 125 / Application of knowledge from Chapter 4 125 Appendix 4-1. Transcription decision-making tree 126 Appendix 4-2. Inventory of consonants for 25 languages and dialects 127 Appendix 4-3. Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet 132 Appendix 4-4. Voice quality symbols 133 Chapter 5 Theoretical Foundations of Children''s Speech 134 Overview 135 Phonology-What Is It? 135 Phonological Theories 148 Classic Theories of Phonology 148 Contemporary Theories of Phonology 159 Speech Perception 165 Speech Production 168 Chapter summary 173 / Suggested reading 173 / Application of knowledge from Chapter 5 174 Chapter 6 Children''s Speech Acquisition 175 Overview 176 Part 1: Important Issues When Considering Children''s Speech Acquisition 177 Typical Versus Acceptable Speech Acquisition 178 Theories of Child Development that have Influenced Our Understanding of Speech Acquisition 185 Methodological Issues in Studying Speech Acquisition 187 Part 2: Typical Speech Acquisition for English-Speaking children 191 Speech Acquisition for English-Speaking Infants and Toddlers from Birth to 2 Years 191 Speech Acquisition for English-Speaking Preschoolers from 3 to 5 Years 200 Speech Acquisition for English-Speaking School-Aged Children from 6 years 208 Part 3: Typical Speech Acquisition for All Children 212 Chapter summary 216 / Recommended reading 216 / Application of knowledge from Chapter 6 216 Appendix 6-1. Summary of studies of English-speaking children''s speech acquisition 217 Chapter 7 Assessment Preparation, Purpose, and Types 220 Overview 221 Typical assessments for children with suspected SSD 221 Preparation 221 Referral and Background Information 228 Purposes of Assessment 233 Types of Assessments 236 Chapter summary 242 / Suggested reading 243 / Application of knowledge from Chapter 7 243 Chapter 8 Assessment of Children''s Speech 244 Overview 245 Components of Children''s Speech Assessments 245 Assessment of Intelligibility 245 Assessment of Speech Production: Elements 250 Assessment of Speech Production: Methods 257 Assessment of Oral Structure and Function 265 Assessment of Speech Perception 267 Assessment of Hearing 269 Assessment of Phonological Processing 269 Assessment of Emergent Literacy, Early Literacy, and Conventional Literacy Skills 271 Assessment of Psychosocial Aspects 272 Assessment of Children''s Communicative Participation 273 Language, Voice, and Fluency Assessments 275 Using the ICF-CY Framework to Scaffold Assessment Planning 276 Strategic Assessments Suited to Children with Different Types of SSD 277 Assessments for Children with Suspected Phonological Impairment 278 Differential Diagnosis and Prognostic Statements 283 Chapter summary 283 / Suggested reading 284 / Application of knowledge from Chapter 8 284 Appendix 8-1. Assessment plan 285 Appendix 8-2. Assessment plan for Luke 286 Chapter 9 Analysis of Children''s Speech 288 Overview 289 Traditional Articulation Analysis: Substitution, Omission, Distortion, Addition (SODA) 289 Differentiating Phonemic (Phonological) from Phonetic (Articulation) Errors 292 Independent and Relational Phonological Analyses 292 Children''s Independent and Relational Phonological Analysis (CHIRPA) 295 Speech Measures 319 Instrumental Analyses of Children''s Speech 324 Chapter summary 332 / Suggested reading 332 / Application of knowledge from Chapter 9 333 Appendix 9-1.

Children''s Independent and Relational Phonological Analysis (CHIRPA) Template 334 Appendix 9-2. Children''s Independent and Relational Phonological Analysis (CHIRPA) Template: Worked example for Luke (4;3 years) 337 Chapter 10 Goal Setting 340 Overview 341 What Are Intervention Goals? 341 Identifying Goals for Children with SSD from Different Perspectives 341 Operationally Defined Goals 344 Goal Frameworks and Hierarchies 346 Generalization 348 Approaches to Goal Setting for Children with SSD 350 Goal Setting for Children with Phonological Impairment: The Importance of the Target 350 Goal Setting For Children with Articulation Impairment 363 Goal Setting Considerations for Children with Highly Unintelligible Speech 367 Goal Attack Strategies 368 Chapter summary 369 / Suggested reading 370 / Application of knowledge from Chapter 10 370 Appendix 10-1. Goal identification template 371 Chapter 11 Intervention Principles and Plans 372 Overview 373 What Is Intervention? 373 Principles of Intervention 375 Intervention Plans 392 Progress and Discharge Planning 402 Chapter summary 403 / Suggested reading 403 / Application of knowledge from Chapter 11 404 Appendix 11-1. Speech Sound Disorder Management Plan 405 Appendix 11-2. Speech Sound Disorder Intervention Session Plan 408 Chapter 12 Intervention Procedures and Evaluation 412 Overview 413 Intervention Procedures 413 Evaluating Intervention 422 A Framework for Problem-Solving Slow Progress 429 Chapter summary 432 / Suggested reading 433 / Application of knowledge from Chapter 12 433 Chapter 13 Phonological Intervention Approaches 434 Overview 435 Principles of Phonological Intervention in Practice 436 Minimal Pair Approach 437 Maximal Oppositions and Treatment of the Empty Set 444 Multiple Oppositions 447 Metaphon 450 Cycles 453 Speech Perception Intervention 456 Intervention.