Preface xi 1 System Dynamics 1 1-1. Sources of Loop Dynamics 4 1.1.1 Dead Times 6 1.1.2 Time Constants 8 1.1.3 Open Loop Gains 12 1-2.
Types of Process Dynamics 19 1.2.1 Self-Regulating Processes 19 1.2.2 Integrating Processes 22 1.2.3 Runaway Processes 25 1-3. Controller Tuning 27 1.
3.1 Lambda Tuning for Self-Regulating Processes 31 1.3.2 Lambda Tuning for Integrating Processes 33 1.3.3 Lambda Tuning for Runaway Processes 34 1.3.4 Short Cut Method Tuning for Self-Regulating Processes 35 1.
3.5 Short Cut Method Tuning for Integrating Processes 36 1.3.6 Short Cut Method Tuning for Runaway Processes 38 1.3.7 Maximizing Absorption of Variability Tuning for Surge Tank Level 39 1.3.8 Window of Allowable Controller Gains 41 1-4.
Loop Performance 43 1.4.1 Load Disturbance Accumulated Error 44 1.4.2 Load Disturbance Peak Error 49 1.4.3 Load Disturbance Lag 52 1.4.
4 Setpoint Response Rise Time, Overshoot, and Undershoot 55 2 Inferential Measurements 63 2-1. Conversion 66 2-2. Composition 69 2-3. Batch End Point 75 2-4. Multivariate Statistical Models 77 2-5. Step Response Models 81 2-6. First Principle Models 87 3 Reactor Characterization 95 3-1. Classification of Dynamic Responses 98 3-2.
Residence Time 102 3-3. Control Loops 105 3-4. Pure Batch versus Fed-Batch versus Continuous 108 4 Reaction Kinetics 113 4-1. Reaction Rate. 115 4.1.1 Temperature Implications 115 4.1.
2 Concentration Implications 115 4-2. Reaction Time 118 4.2.1 Batch Operations 119 4.2.2 Continuous Operations 120 4-3. Chemical Reactions 121 4-4. Biological Reactions 124 5 Reactor Control Systems 133 5-1.
Single Phase Chemical Reactors 135 5-2. Mixed Phase Chemical Reactors 150 5-3. Acid and Base Chemical Reactors 156 5-4. Yeast Bioreactors (Fermenters) 157 5-5. Fungal Bioreactors 163 5-6. Bacterial Bioreactors 164 5-7. Mammalian Bioreactors 164 5-8. Biological Fed-Batch Profile Control 169 6 Cooling and Heating Control Systems 175 6-1.
Jacket and Coil Temperature Control 178 6-2. Process Recirculation Temperature Control 189 Appendix A Top Ten Concepts in Automation System Performance 197 Appendix B Basics of PID Controllers 215 Appendix C Control Loop Performance 227 Appendix D Discussion 243 Appendix E Enhanced PID Analyzer Applications 253 Appendix F First Principle Process Relationships 275 References 297 Index 303.