Preface ix Chapter 1 Temperature Measurement 1 1-1. Introduction and Overview 1 1-2. Thermocouples and RTDs 12 1-3. Selection of a Temperature Sensor 20 1-4. Specifications 21 1-5. Setup and Calibration 23 1-6. Installation 23 1-7. Maintenance 33 Chapter 2 Measurement Error 37 2-1.
Heat Conduction Error 37 2-2. Radiation Error 46 2-3. Dynamic Error 48 2-4. Velocity Error 51 2-5. Electronic Error 52 2-6. Sensor Error 56 2-7. Nonlinearity Error 61 2-8. Decalibration Error 63 2-9.
Insulation Error 65 2-10. Leadwire Error 66 2-11. Error Accumulation 68 2-12. New Sensors 70 Chapter 3 Basic Feedback Control 79 3-1. Introduction 79 3-2. PID Modes, Structure, and Form 82 3-3. PID Tuning 94 3-4. Adaptive Control 109 3-5.
Set-Point Response Optimization 113 Chapter 4 Process Dynamics 121 4-1. Introduction 121 4-2. Performance Limits 122 4-3. Self-Regulating Processes 132 4-4. Integrating Processes 137 Chapter 5 Exchangers 143 5-1. Process and Equipment Design Considerations 143 5-2. Disturbances and Difficulties 147 5-3. Effect of Loop Performance 148 5-4 Controller Tuning 149 5-5.
Control Errors 152 5-6. Control Strategies 156 Chapter 6 Reactors 159 6-1. Process and Equipment Design Considerations 159 6-2. Disturbances and Difficulties 160 6-3. Loop Performance 163 6-4. Controller Tuning 164 6-5. Control Errors 170 6-6. Control Strategies 171 Chapter 7 Columns 179 7-1.
Process and Equipment Design Considerations 179 7-2. Disturbances and Difficulties 181 7-3. Effect of Loop Performance 183 7-4. Controller Tuning 183 7-5. Control Errors 184 7-6. Control Strategies 185 Chapter 8 Vessels, Desuperheaters, Dryers, Kilns, Calciners, Crystallizers, Extruders, Chambers, and Rooms 193 8-1. Process and Equipment Design Considerations 193 8-2. Disturbances and Difficulties 195 8-3.
Effect of Loop Performance 196 8-4. Controller Tuning 197 8-5. Control Strategies 197 Chapter 9 Wireless 207 9-1. Introduction and Overview 207 9-2. Principles 216 9-3. Security and Reliability 220 9-4. Communication Rules 224 9-5. Process Control 238 9-6.
Installation of a Wireless Network 251 Exercises 253 References 254 Appendix A - Suggested Readings and Study Materials 257 Appendix B - Solutions to Exercises 259 Appendix C - Unification of Controller Tuning Relationships 271 Appendix D - Physical Property Data 281 Appendix E - Emissivities 285 Appendix F - First Principle Process Gains, Dead Times, and Time Constants 287 Appendix G - FORTRAN Subroutine for Dynamic Simulation of Extruders 301 Appendix H - Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients 307 Appendix I - Implementation Checklist for Best Performance 311 Index 315.