Preface1. The Nature of DelinquencyPublic Perceptions of Adolescents and DelinquentsPublic Perceptions of Crime and DelinquencyPolicymakers'' Perceptions of Crime and DelinquencyChanges in Juvenile Justice PolicyMedia''s Images of DelinquentsThe Nature of AdolescenceCultural Differences of YouthsBaby BoomersGeneration XGeneration Y/MillenialsSocietal Problems and YouthsPovertyUnemploymentHousingEducationRisk and Protective FactorsDefinitions of Juvenile DelinquencyHistory of Juvenile Delinquency in the United StatesNineteenth-Century United StatesDelinquency in the Twentieth-CenturyDelinquency in the 1960s-1970sDelinquency in the 1980s-1990sDifference between Juvenile Court and Adult CourtDelinquency and Public Policy2. Measuring DelinquencyMeasuring Crime and DelinquencyUniform Crime Reports (UCR)Limitations of the UCRNational Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)Victimization StudiesLimitations of NCVS Victimization Surveys and the UCRMeasuring Crime: Self-Report StudiesGeneral Trends in DelinquencyOfficial StatisticsDelinquent Trends: Self-Report StudiesCorrelates to DelinquencyGenderRaceSocial ClassAgeOnsetChronic OffendingVictimization and DelinquencyVictimization RiskThe Youngest VictimsMeasuring Delinquency and Public Policy3. Status OffendingA Brief HistoryThe Juvenile Justice Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA)Amendments to the JJDPAStatus Offenders versus DelinquentsThe Changing Nature of Status OffendingRunawaysDefinitionProfilesPrograms for Runaway YouthsTruancyCausesSchool ConfigurationAcademic PerformanceFamily Involvement Neighborhood and Community FactorsIncorrigibilityHistorical RootsIncorrigibility and the Juvenile Justice SystemCurfew ViolationsProponents and Opponents of CurfewsThe Legality of CurfewsUnderage DrinkingUnderage SmokingExtentEffects of SmokingReasons Teenagers Smoke Media Campaign and Teenage SmokingStatus Offenders and Public Policy4. Social Structural Theories of DelinquencySocial Structural Influences PovertyDeindustrialization and the EconomyThe Housing CrunchPublic EducationThe Origins of Social Structural Theories of DelinquencyEmile DurkheimContemporary ApplicationsSocial Disorganization TheoryConcentric ZonesDisorganization and DelinquencyBreakdown in Control Reasons for DelinquencyThe Social Ecology of DelinquencyWalter Miller''s Lower Class Culture TheoryStrain and Anomie TheoriesRobert Merton''s Strain TheoryRobert Agnew''s General Strain TheoryDifferential OpportunitySubcultural Theories of DelinquencyAlbert Cohen''s TheorySubculture of ViolenceSocial Structural Theories and Public Policy5. Social Process Theories of DelinquencyLearning Theories and Delinquency Social Learning TheoryEdwin Sutherland''s Differential Association TheorySykes and Matza''s Neutralization TheoryDrift TheoryRonald Aker''s Social Learning TheorySocial Control TheoryAlbert J. Reiss''s Personality and Control TheoryWalter Reckless''s Containment TheoryTravis Hirschi''s Bonding TheoryGottfredson and Hirschi''s General Theory of CrimeLabeling TheoryApplication of LabelsThe Labeling ProcessConsequences of LabelingSocial Conflict TheoriesMarx and Engel''s Conflict TheoryModern Conflict TheorySocial Process Theories and Public Policy6. Individual Views of DelinquencyRational Choice and DelinquencyClassical CriminologyDeterrencePositivist TheoriesBiochemical FactorsNeurological IssuesGenetic InfluencesIntelligence and DelinquencyPsychological TheoriesPsychodynamic TheoryBehavioral TheoryCognitive Theory Violence and the Media Cognitive Skills of Youths Piaget''s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentKohlberg''s Theory of Moral DevelopmentDevelopmental PsychologyPsychological DisordersOppositional Defiant DisorderConduct DisordersAttention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderBipolar DisorderPsychopathyIndividual Theories and Public Policy 7.

Family and Delinquency Good ParentingClarityConsistencyFlexibilityLoveResiliencyFamily StructureExternal Structural Changes to FamiliesCohabitation and ChildbearingDivorceWomen in the WorkforceThe Changing Role of FathersInternal Family DynamicsBirth OrderFamily SizeFamily ViolenceDiscipline Spanking Verbal AssaultNeglect and AbuseTypes of NeglectReasons for NeglectChild AbuseSexual AbuseChild Protective Services Intake Initial Assessment or Investigation Family Assessment Case Planning Provision of Services Ongoing Assessment Case ClosureFoster CareFamilies, Delinquency, and Public Policy 8. Gangs and DelinquencyDefinition of Gangs Gang Databases and Identifying Gang Members Reasons for JoiningMedia Distortion Origins of GangsExtent and Types of GangsBlack Gangs The Crips The BloodsHispanic/Latino Gangs People Nation vs. Folk Nation The Latin Kings MS-13Asian Gangs Chinese Gangs Japanese Yakuza Vietnamese GangsWhite Gangs Stoner Gangs SkinheadsFemale GangsGang StructureOrganizationLeadershipTurfSocial SolidarityPurposeThe Changing Nature of GangsGang BehaviorDrugsViolenceCommunity Responses to Gangs and Public Policy9. Special Populations and DelinquencySexual ActivityJuvenile Sex OffendersJuvenile ProstitutionInternational Trafficking of ChildrenMental IllnessFire StartersDomestic ViolenceChronic OffendersViolent OffendersComputer HackersPublic Policy for Special Populations10. Schools and DelinquencyStructure of Public EducationSocial ClassTrackingNo Child Left BehindProblems in SchoolsDropoutsAcademic AchievementSchool CrimeBullying and IntimidationSchool ShootingsStrategies to Reduce School CrimeSchool UniformsZero ToleranceAlternative SchoolsSchool SearchesDue ProcessCorporal PunishmentFree SpeechPublic Policy Regarding Delinquency in Schools11. Females and DelinquencyDefinition of Sex and GenderDifferences between Boys and Girls Physical Differences Specialized DifferencesHistorical OverviewFemales and DelinquencyIncrease in Female Crime Being Like Males Paternalism and FemalesTheories of Female DelinquencyEarly Biological and Psychological ExplanationsSociological ExplanationsFeminist PerspectivesLiberal FeminismPhenomenological FeminismSocialist FeminismMarxist FeminismRadical FeminismGender and the Juvenile Justice SystemFemale Delinquency and Public Policy 12. Delinquency PreventionCurrent Delinquency Prevention in the United StatesPrimary Delinquency Prevention ProgramsPrenatal Care for Expectant MothersEarly Childhood and Preschool ProgramsParenting SkillsNeighborhood/Block WatchTarget Hardening MeasuresCrime Preventions through Environmental Design (CPTED)Secondary Delinquency Prevention ProgramsTypes of Risk Factors Individual Risk Factors Social Risk Factors Community Risk FactorsExamples of Secondary Prevention Programs Mentoring Programs Job TrainingSchool-Based Programs Community InvolvementDelinquency Prevention ProgramsDelinquency Prevention and Public Policy13. Law Enforcement and DelinquencyHistorical OverviewThe Juvenile Justice System and Policing in the United StatesPolice Matrons and DelinquentsProfessionalization of PolicingLaw Enforcement;s Perception of JuvenilesLaw Enforcement Officers and Social WorkersLaw Enforcement Discretion Racial and Gender BiasesProcedural Rules Governing JuvenilesArrest Search and SeizureCustodial InterrogationDelinquency Prevention StrategiesG.

R.E.A.T.The Police Athletic LeaguePolice Cadet ProgramsAggressive PatrolCommunity Policing and Problem-Oriented PolicingLaw Enforcement-Juvenile Public Policy14. Juvenile Court SystemHistorical OverviewRecent ChangesCriminal Court TransfersConfidentiality LawsTougher Juvenile SanctionsJuvenile Justice ParticipantsJudgesRefereesProsecutorsDefense AttorneysProbation OfficersCourt AdvocatesJuvenile Court ProcessIntake Detention Bail Plea Bargain Transfer Procedure Waivers to Adult CourtAdjudicationDisposition Sentences Death PenaltyJuvenile Courts and Public Policy15. Corrections and DelinquencyHistoryCommunity-Based CorrectionsProbationIntensive ProbationShock ProbationSchool-Based ProbationHouse ArrestRestitutionCommunity ServiceMediation ProgramsDay Treatment FacilitiesInstitutional Corrections Short-Term FacilitiesInstitutional Life Mental Illness and Detention Gangs Female Inmates Suicide and Institutionalized Youths Privatization of Juvenile CorrectionsInstitutional Programs for Detained Youths Education and Vocational Training Recreational Programs Counseling and TherapyConstitutional Rights of Detained JuvenilesReentry and AftercareJuvenile Corrections and Public PolicyGlossaryCreditsIndex.