1 Stunned The place seemed inherently peaceful, idyllic, a tropical paradise far removed from a world busily consuming itself with the flames of war. Hawaii was an attractive spot, offering a laid-back lifestyle of beach excursions, sports, and nightclubs. By the standards of mid-twentieth-century America, it was an odd place, a nominally postimperial territory nonetheless controlled by a central government located on a distant continent, many thousands of miles to the east. The ethnic composition was like nowhere else under the domain of the American government. The original islanders, generally Polynesian in origin, coexisted alongside an Asian/Pacific stew of Koreans, Chinese, Filipinos, and Japanese, the largest single ethnic group. Whites were the most dominant group, at least in terms of wealth and influence. Almost all of them had originated from the United States, but by 1941, many could trace deep roots in the islands, dating back to the previous century. By comparison, most all of the soldiers assigned to the Hawaiian Department were newcomers, temporary tourists within the span of the territory''s history.

The same was true for their comrades in the other services, most prominent of which was of course the Navy, whose Pacific fleet had moved, by order of President Franklin Roosevelt, from San Diego to Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu in 1940. The push for empire and world influence had brought Americans to Hawaiian shores over a half century earlier. However questionable this had been in a moral sense, it had resulted in the happy strategic by-product of an American-controlled island chain closer geographically-and ethnically-to Tokyo than Washington. Since the fleet''s relocation to Pearl Harbor, and as war with Japan grew from possibility to probability, the military presence in Hawaii grew. This was especially true on Oahu, the most heavily populated island and, as such, the critical mass of all American defenses. The Army had elements of two understrength infantry divisions, the 24th and the 25th, on Oahu. They were based at Schofield Barracks, a scenic post located about twelve miles north of Pearl Harbor. The Coast Artillery Corps, the defensive bulwark of the old Army, manned a series of small forts near Pearl Harbor and along coastal areas of the island, highlighted by Fort Shafter between Pearl to the west and Honolulu to the east.

Army Air Corps fields also dotted the island, most notably Hickam Field, at the eastern edge of Pearl and Wheeler Field adjacent to Schofield Barracks. By the middle of 1941, the forty-three thousand soldiers of the Army''s Hawaiian Department (both ground and air forces) were under the command of Lieutenant General Walter Short. About twenty-five thousand of those soldiers defended Oahu. The Army also maintained substantial medical facilities at Hickam Field, Schofield Station Hospital, and Tripler General Hospital on the western side of Honolulu. "Here in Hawaii we all live in a citadel or gigantically fortified island," Short told a Honolulu paper in April 1941. The general''s mission was to use his air- and ground power to protect the fleet and to guard against an amphibious invasion. Personally, he believed that ethnic Japanese locals-almost three-quarters of whom were actually US citizens-posed the greatest threat to his command, either through sabotage or an outright uprising. Many of the soldiers were Regular Army volunteers, professionals for whom the service offered a stable refuge from a troubled economy.

Peacetime draftees, levied during the federal government''s belated preparations for war in 1940 and 1941, fleshed out the ranks. It was an Army with one boot firmly anchored in the early twentieth century, equipped with World War I-era uniforms and weapons, rigidly stratified, both insular and intimate, at the same time professional and rustic. Soldiers took basic training when they reached their assigned units, rather than before, as became customary during the war and ever since. Promotions came slowly; sergeants ruled like lords; officers were often distant figures, like a higher social group in an immutable caste system; Saturday morning inspections were like a military Sabbath; custom was sacrosanct, regulations unquestioned. "There were professional privates," recalled Robert Greenwood, a Coast Artilleryman at Hickam Field. "There were fellows that had been in the Army fifteen or twenty years. I can remember there were guys from World War One." The Army was their home.

He knew one man who had served in every rank from private to first sergeant, getting busted several times for binge drinking. "He''d give you twenty-seven days out of the month of outstanding soldiering and then he''d go off on a three-day lost weekend." Privates made only twenty-one dollars a month. A soldier''s reputation was his most valuable currency. Those whom the sergeants and corporals labeled as rebellious or lazy were often assigned to the worst details, such as cutting down thorny bushes or scrubbing garbage cans or policing up cigarette butts. If the noncommissioned officers (NCOs) thought of a soldier as a reliable man, then he often avoided such undesirable chores. Private Martin Rodgers, a Coast Artilleryman at Fort Shafter, later referred to the service as "a nasty army . a rough army.

It was somewhat like the Roman Legion." Marriages were rare for low-ranking enlisted soldiers. Everyone, even the NCOs, lived in the barracks. It was an old-world army, later made famous in the novel and movie From Here to Eternity, and it was an army that would soon be swept away by expansion and modernism in the war that was coming. For the troops, duty on Oahu was equal parts tourist excursion, summer camp, and boot camp-strict discipline somehow mixed together with an easy tropical lifestyle. Duty days started with reveille, followed by calisthenics and training. "You used to do all of your gun drills in the morning primarily," Greenwood said, "in the afternoon you had details." Everyone-especially infantrymen-occasionally trained in "the field" which usually meant hiking and camping somewhere among Oahu''s many hills and mountains.

"In some of the areas where we went on hikes, the mud was like . glue, so your foot would sink in there," one soldier remembered. It was not uncommon for a soldier to lose his boot as he attempted to extract his foot from the mud. Food on post was plentiful and nutritious, typically with eggs for breakfast, meat and potatoes for other meals. Social life revolved around gambling, sports, and drinking. Dice and card games were common, especially on payday, when all too many down-on-their-luck soldiers frittered away their meager wages in marathon sessions. Anyone who cheated was ostracized or harshly disciplined by sergeants, who would encircle the offender and take turns elbowing or tackling him until they felt that the lesson had sunk in. Athletics were deeply embedded in Army tradition.

The most popular sports were baseball, basketball, football, and boxing. Commanders saw useful parallels between the inherent competitive physicality of sports and the job of soldiering. Prevailing wisdom held that being associated with a good unit athletic team, or an individual boxing champion, could be helpful for an officer''s promotion prospects. Thus, good athletes often received special privileges. "You didn''t go to the field when your unit would go out," Corporal Kenneth Nine of the 27th Infantry Regiment said. "You''d stay behind and play your sport. I took up boxing, track, baseball, and basketball." Typically, during the company formation after lunch, first sergeants told the athletes to form one group while everyone else formed another.

The jocks then spent their afternoon practicing or playing games. The other soldiers were put to work cleaning barracks or cutting grass, among many other onerous chores. Companies competed against other companies, regiments against other regiments, Army against Navy, and so on. The winners earned bragging rights, and sometimes substantial wagering money, for their respective unit or service. On post, entertainment consisted of movies, USO shows, and music. Beautiful beaches and an incredible array of bars and fleshpots offered plenty of diversion for anyone who managed to obtain a weekend pass to leave post. For young soldiers who lived an austere life in an all-male environment, the opportunity to experience the nightlife-inevitably referred to in the slang of the time as getting "screwed, stewed, and tattooed"-usually proved irresistible. Hotel and Canal Streets in Honolulu earned a reputation as an interracial red-light district.

The women reflected the diverse ethnic character of the island. Whites-haoles in local lingo-were decidedly in the minority. On any given weekend night, lines of servicemen could be seen queued up at the various houses of prostitution. During occasional lulls in business, the ladies themselves would take turns plying for new customers with a unique-and ironic in light of later events-proposition: "Come on in and fuck the Japs! Two dollars!" Military and civil authorities enforced cleanliness and organization to this Hawaiian version of the world''s oldest profession. The women were given frequent physicals; most were registered with the police. "You didn''t get any venereal disease by going to those places," Greenwood claimed, "because when you went there, even if you just went in to listen to the jukebox, you had to take a prophylactic preventative before you left." Copious numbers of military policemen lurked nearby, making sure that soldiers complied with these instructions. Nearby streets featured pinball game rooms, tattoo parlors, dance halls, and restaurants with names like Bunny Ranch and Lousy Lui''s.

Nightclubs catered to soldiers with cheap b.