PrefacePrelude: Purposes and Plan of the BookAbbreviations and Legal Terms 1 What Is a War Crime? War and Armed ConflictLaw and WarPre-World War I: Evolution of Contemporary LawDocument: Geneva ConventionThe Lieber Code and the American Civil WarDocument: The Lieber Code (General Orders No. 100)The 1899 and 1907 Hague ConventionsDocument: List of 1907 Hague ConventionsDocument: 1907 Hague Convention IV: AnnexDocument: 1907 Hague Convention XNaval WarfareDocument: Manual of the Laws of Naval WarReferences 2 World War I: Leipzig Document: Report, Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on Enforcement of PenaltiesDocument: Treaty of VersaillesTrialsTrial Summaries #1: The Dover Castle and the Llandovery Castle Document: Dover Castle Document: Llandovery Castle Superior Orders as a DefenseReferences 3 Between World War I and World War II The League of NationsDocument: Covenant of the League of NationsWhy Did the League Fail?The Kellogg-Briand Pact: Regulating the jus ad bellum Document: Kellogg-Briand Pact--Treaty between the United States and Other Powers Providing for the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National PolicyWhat Did Kellogg-Briand Accomplish?Extending the Scope of the jus in bello Chemical and Biological WeaponsDocument: Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating Gas and of Bacteriological Methods of WarfarePrisoners of War (POWs)Document: Convention of July 27, 1929, Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of WarReferences 4 World War II What Caused World War II?GermanyWar CrimesNazi Party OrganizationsTrialsReferences 5 Anton Dostler Case Document: The Führerbefehl of 18 October, 1942Trial Summary #2: The Dostler CaseDocument: The Anton Dostler CaseThe Importance of the Ruling on JurisdictionReprisalsSuperior Orders as a DefenseReference 6 German Concentration and Extermination Camps The "Final Solution"References 7 Zyklon B Trial Fritz HaberWhat Is Zyklon B?Fritz Haber and the NazisPreparing for the "Final Solution"Trial Summary #3: The Zyklon B CaseDocument: The Zyklon B CaseSetting the Stage for the DefenseSome Additional Notes for Future ReferenceReferences 8 Belsen Trial ChargesTrial Summary #4: Belsen TrialDocument: Belsen Trial: Josef Kramer and 44 OthersSome Observations about the TestimonyA Note on Camp OrganizationReferences 9 Buchenwald Trial DefendantsTrial Summary #5: Buchenwald TrialDocument: Buchenwald Trial ( United States of America v. Josias Prince zu Waldeck et al.) Some Additional Findings of the CourtReferences 10 The Malmedy Massacre Trial MalmedyTrial Summary #6: Malmedy MassacreDocument: Malmedy Massacre ( United States v. Valentin Bersin, et al .)The Rest of the StoryReferences 11 The Nuremberg Trial Document: International Conference on Military Trials (London Charter)A Note on the Tokyo TrialsNuremberg: Jurisdiction and ProcedureNurembergHermann GöringRudolf Höss (Hoess)Trial Summary #7: Trial of the Major War CriminalsWas the Nuremberg Trial an Exercise in Victor''s Justice?SignificanceReferences 12 Allied Control Council Law No. 10 Document: Allied Control Council Law No. 10 (CCL no.

10)--Punishment of Persons Guilty of War Crimes, Crimes against Peace and against HumanityReferences 13 The Medical Case (Doctors'' Trial): United States v. Karl Brandt, et al. Trial Summary #8: The Medical CaseDocument: United States v. Karl Brandt, et al. Why?References 14 Einsatzgruppen Case: United States of America v. Otto Ohlendorf, et al. Otto OhlendorfTrial Summary #9: Einsatzgruppen CaseDocument: United States v. Otto Ohlendorf, et al.

DiscussionA Curious DefenseReferences 15 Tokyo War Crimes Trial International Military Tribunal for the Far EastDocument: Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far EastAlliance with GermanyThe War in the PacificEmperor HirohitoGeneral Hideki TojoComposition of the CourtTrial Summary #10: Trial of Major Japanese War CriminalsDocument: Trial of Major Japanese War CriminalsThe Tokyo Trials and Victor''s JusticeReferences 16 General Tomoyuki Yamashita The Yamashita Case: Command ResponsibilityTrial Summary #11: Trial of General Tomoyuki YamashitaDocument: In Re Yamashita 327 U.S. 1 (1946)The Rest of the StoryReferences 17 Khabarovsk War Crime Trial Japanese Bacteriological Weapons ProgramShiro Ishii and Unit 731General Otozo YamadaTrial Summary #12: General Otozo Yamada and Eleven OthersDocument: General Otozo Yamada and Eleven OthersTestimonyWar Crimes and the Politics of Self-InterestReferences 18 The Eichmann Trial The Eichmann SagaThe Wannsee ConferenceImplementing the "Final Solution"Trial Summary #13: Karl Adolf EichmannDocument: The Attorney General v. Adolf Eichmann TestimonySome Questions without Good AnswersReferences 19 My Lai Massacre: Vietnam War Conscription (The Draft)The DefendantArmy Operations in VietnamThe My Lai OperationThe InvestigationThe Uniform Code of Military JusticeDocument: The Uniform Code of Military JusticeTrial Summary #14: United States v. Calley Document: United States v. William Laws Calley Jr. AftermathChangesReferences 20 Updating the Rules of War after World War II What Changed?The United Nations CharterDocument: The Charter of the United NationsThe Geneva ConventionsDocument: The 1949 Geneva ConventionsGeneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Conditions of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of August 12, 1949 (Geneva I)Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Conditions of Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea of August 12, 1949 (Geneva II)Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949 (Geneva III)Geneva Convention for the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of August 12, 1949 (Geneva IV)The Common ArticlesThe Additional ProtocolsDocument: Geneva Protocol Additional IDocument: Geneva Protocol Additional IIDocument: Protocol Additional III (2005)Grave Breaches and War CrimesMoving from the Law on the Books to Making the Law Work in ActionReferences 21 The Genocide Convention The Genocide Convention: The Politics of DefinitionDocument: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of GenocideInnovations and ProblemsReferences 22 The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia YugoslaviaMandateDocument: The Statute of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of the Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991StructureThe Appeals ChamberOffice of the Prosecutor and the RegistryMechanism for International TribunalsGuilty PleasProblemsReferences 23 Dusko Tadic Trial Introduction: The Bosnian WarsDusko TadicInternational Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991Document: Rules of Procedure and EvidenceWhat Is the Purpose of a Trial?Trial Summary #15: Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic (aka "Dule")Document: Opening Statement by Presiding Judge Gabrielle Kirk McDonaldTestimonyWhy Tadic?References 24 Slobodan Milosevic The Dayton AgreementKosovo and "The Turks"Indictment and TransferTrial Summary #16: Prosecutor v.

Slobodan Milosevic TestimonyDocument: Evidence That the Yugoslav Military had Investigated and Prosecuted War CrimesA Mixed LegacyReferences 25 Radovan Karadzic The Tribulations of TrialsTrial Summary #17: Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadzic Document: Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadzic TestimonySecond WitnessTimely Justice and the Requirement of "Fair" TrialsThe Appeals ProcessDocument: Radovan Karadzic''s Appeal BriefReferences 26 Trial of Radislav Krstic Bosnian Serb ArmyRadislav KrsticSrebrenicaTrial Summary #18: Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic Document: Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic TestimonyThe AppealReferences 27 Croatia, Operation Storm, and Ante Gotovina CroatiaDocument: Operation Storm: Croatia''s Triumph, Serbia''s GriefBalkan Transitional JusticeCroatia and the ICTYAnte Gotovina, Ivan Cermak, and Mladen MarkacTrial Summary #19: Appeal of Ante Gotovina and Mladen MarkacDocument: Summary of Appeals JudgmentIssues for the FuturePolitics and the LawReferences 28 Rwanda: The Genocide Setting the Stage: The Colonial LegacyPrelude to GenocideRefugees and the Rwandan Patriotic FrontThe Situation in RwandaDocument: Hutu Ten CommandmentsPreparationThe SparkThe Genocide BeginsThe RPF AdvanceThe Whims of International ResponseThe International Criminal Tribunal for RwandaReferences 29 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Jean-Paul Akayesu The Politics of PlacesEstablishing GenocideDocument: Analysis Framework to Determine If Genocide Has OccurredTrial Summary #20: Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu Document: Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu TestimonyNotable FirstsDefending Accusations of GenocideDecisionReferences 30 Prosecutor v. Théoneste Bagosora, et al.

(The Military Trial 1) Théoneste BagosoraGratien KabiligiAloys NtabakuzeAnatole NsengiyumvaTrial Summary #21: Prosecutor v. Théoneste Bagosora, Gratien Kabiligi, Aloys Ntabakuze, and Anatole Nsengiyumva Document: ICTR-98-41-TTestimonyThe Problem of PunishmentNature of SentencesReferences 31 Prosecutor v. Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, Ferdinand Nahimana, and Hassan Ngeze The Media TrialJean-Bosco BarayagwizaA Lesson in Legal ProcedureFerdinand NahimanaHassan NgezeTrial Summary #22: Prosecutor v. Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, Ferdinand Nahimana, and Hassan Ngeze Document: "Judgement and Sentence," December 3, 2003 (paras. 392-398; 408-409)TestimonyThe Power of the Media in a Closed EnvironmentA Final Note on the ICTRRefere.