Acknowledgments. List of Tables, Figures, and Exhibits. Tables. Figures. Exhibits. Preface. How to Use this Book. A Note on Methods.
1 Introduction to Cost-Effectiveness. What Is Cost-Effectiveness Analysis? Elements of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - Why Conduct Cost-Effectiveness Analysis? - Scope and Aims of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Policy. Making Comparisons Across Diseases - Do Cost-Effectiveness Analyses Lead to Policy Changes? Principles of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. The Perspective of a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis - The Cost-Effectiveness Ratio- The Numerator of the Cost-Effectiveness Ratio - The Denominator of the Cost-Effectiveness Equation - Allocating Costs in the Cost-Effectiveness Ratio- Interpreting the Cost-Effectiveness Ratio - Comparing Interventions- Defining the Comparator - Interpreting Incremental Changes in Cost and Effectiveness.Other Types of Analyses. Cost-Effectiveness Versus Cost-Utility Analysis - Cost-Benefit Analysis- Cost-Minimization Analysis - Burden of Disease Analysis.2 Developing a Research Project.
The Ten Steps to a Perfect Research Project. Developing a Research Question. Designing Your Analysis. Step 1: Learn About the Disease - Step 2: Chart Out the Course of the Disease- Step 3: List the Data Elements That You Will Need.3 Working with Data. Overview. Review of Rates. Prevalence Versus Incidence - The Relationship Between Risks and Rates- Risk over a Long Period of Time.
Understanding Error. Common Types of Error - Managing Error in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis- Frequency Distributions and Random Error. Calculating Weighted Means. Evaluating Study Limitations. Review of Medical Study Designs - Evaluating the Medical Literature.4 Finding the Data You Need. Overview. Finding Information in the Medical Literature.
Using Electronic Datasets. Finding the Electronic Data That You Need - Which Dataset Should You Use? - Using Data Extraction Tools - Using Printed Tabulations of Electronic Data - Understanding Error in Electronic Data. Using Data from Unpublished Research Projects. Using Data from Piggybacked Studies. Using Expert Opinion. Organizing Your Data. Summarizing Journal Articles - Summarizing Data.5 Working with Probabilities.
Overview. Incidence and Prevalence. Incidence Rate of Influenza-Like Illness.Secondary Transmission of Infectious Disease. Secondary Transmission of Influenza. Duration of Illness. Duration of Influenza-Like Illness. Efficacy and Measures of Risk.
Bias in Screening Interventions - Efficacy of Strategies to Prevent Influenza-Like Illness. Laboratory Test Data. Laboratory Testing for Influenza. Distribution of Disease. Distribution by Age - Distribution by Stage - Distribution by Gender, Race, and Socioeconomic Status - Other Considerations Regarding the Distribution of Diseases - Distribution of Influenza-Like Illness. Secondary Complications of Illness. Secondary Complications of Influenza-Like Illness. Medical Care Utilization.
Rates Obtained from Electronic Data. - Hospitalization Data for Influenza-Like Illness - Ambulatory Care Data for Influenza-Like Illness. Side Effects. Side Effects Due to Vaccination or Treatment. Health-Related Quality of Life Scores. Obtaining Scores from Published Lists - Generating HRQL Scores Using Instruments. Mortality Data. Mortality Among Persons with Influenza-Associated Conditions.
6 Working with Costs. Overview. Opportunity Costs - Three Steps to Estimating Costs - Micro-Costing and Gross-Costing. Measuring Changes in Costs. Fixed Costs and Variable Costs - Friction Costs and Transfer Payments. Using Diagnosis Codes. Future Medical Costs. Adjusting Costs.
Adjusting for Inflation - Calculating Cost-to-Charge Ratios - Estimating the Cost of Ambulatory and Laboratory Services - Discounting Future Costs. Assessing the "Relevancy_ of Cost Data.Determining Which Costs to Include. Hospital and Ambulatory Costs - Time Costs - Transportation Costs- Side Effects - Medication Costs - Care.