Contents Foreword 5 1. Design methods, design guidelines 6 1.1. Equipment and storage tank loads, classification and requirements. 6 1.2. Impact and consideration of loads in design. 7 2.

Corrosion loads, corrosion resistance, corrosion-proof design. 13 2.1. Definition of corrosion. 13 2.2. Electrochemical corrosion. 13 2.

2.1. Manifestations ad types of electrochemical corrosion. 15 2.3 Chemical corrosion and its types. 21 2.4. Corrosion prevention, corrosion protection.

23 2.4.1. Corrosion prevention by surface protection. 24 2.4.1.1.

Lined equipment design and construction. 25 2.4.1.2. Design and construction of equipment with coating layer 32 3. Dimensioning of process equipment and storage tanks.Dimensioning by taking membrane stresses into account 47 3.

1. Determination of allowable stress. 47 3.2. Membrane stress state of equipment and storage tanks with axially symmetrical geometry. 49 3.2.1.

Structural model 50 3.2.2. Membrane edge forces, membrane elongations. 51 3.2.3. Membrane stress state equilibrium equations.

53 3.3. Dimensioning by taking vapour pressure into account 54 3.3.1. Dimensioning the cylindrical part of the vessel 56 3.3.2.

Dimensioning spherical tanks and hemispherical pressure vessel ends. 58 3.3.3. Dimensioning conical pressure vessel ends. 60 3.4 Dimensioning by taking hydrostatic pressure, mass forces, environmental impacts (snow, wind), and centrifugal force fields into account 62 3.4.

1. Dimensioning cylindrical fluid tanks with a conical pressure vessel end. 62 3.4.2. Dimensioning the cylindrical part of fluid tanks with large diameter 66 3.4.3 Dimensioning cylindrical centrifuges.

71 3.4.4. Dimensioning tower structures exposed to environmental impacts. 76 3.4.5. Dimensioning outdoor spherical tanks with large diameter 81 3.

4.5.1 Membrane stresses caused by fluid charge. 82 3.4.5.2 Membrane stresses caused by snow load. 85 3.

4.5.3 Membrane stresses caused by shell mass. 86 3.4.5.4 Membrane stresses caused by wind pressure. 88 3.

4.5.5 Determining the resultant stress state; dimensioning spherical tanks exposed to environmental impacts. 93 4. Dimensioning equipment loaded by external pressure. 95 4.1. Dimensioning cylindrical shells and conical pressure vessel ends for external pressure.

97 4.2. Dimensioning doubly curved pressure vessel ends for external pressure. 103 5. Bending stress state of axi-symmetrical shells. Strength analysis by taking bending stresses into account 105 5.1. Axially symmetrical bending stress state of cylindrical shells.

108 5.1.1. Bending stress state of cylindrical shells loaded by shearing force at the rim. 112 5.1.2. Bending stress state of cylindrical shells loaded by moment at the rim.

114 5.1.3. Bending stress state of cylindrical shells loaded by shearing force at the main circle. 115 5.2. Examination of shell connections. 117 5.

2.1. Strength tests of cylinder - cone connections. 119 5.2.2. Strength tests of cylinder - hemisphere connections. 126 6.

Strength tests of pressure vessel ends, nozzle and support environments 130 6.1. Pressure vessel ends. 131 6.1.1. Stress states and dimensioning of elliptical pressure vessel ends. 135 6.

1.2. Stress states and dimensioning of torispheric pressure vessel ends. 137 6.2. Design of openings on cylindrical shells and pressure vessel ends. 141 6.3.

Strength tests of the support environment 157 6.3.1. Strength tests of the support environment of spherical tanks. 165 6.3.1.1.

Distribution of normal force to rigid load transfer cylinders. 168 6.3.1.2. Determining nozzle loads caused by bending moment . 169 6.3.

1.3. Distribution of tangential force to bolster plate fillet welds. 169 6.3.1.4. Stress state caused by rigidly installed cylindrical nozzle loaded by normal force.

171 6.3.1.5. Stress state caused by rigidly installed cylindrical nozzle loaded by shearing force. 174 6.3.1.

6 Numerical tests and results. 177 7. Strength test and dimensioning on leak tightness of flange joints 181 7.1. Engineering design of pipeline and equipment flange joints. 181 7.2. Internal loads of flange structure.

189 7.2.1. Flange joint operation under simultaneous heat and mechanical load. 196 7.2.1.1.

Determining gasket load drop in case of ideally elastic gasket model 199 7.2.1.2. Stress state of the shell connected to the flange ring. 208 7.2.1.

3. Determining gasket load drop in case of non-linear gasket model 210 7.2.1.4. Viscoelastic model for determining gasket load reduction . 213 7.2.

2. Tests and calculations to verify the model 217 7.2.2.1. Tests to verify the accuracy of the viscoelastic gasket model 217 7.2.2.

2. Numerical examination of the loosening process caused by internal pressure. 227 7.2.3. Dimensioning on leak tightness of flange joints exposed to simultaneous heat and mechanical load. 234 8. Investigation of stress concentrating cross-sections using the finite element method.

238 8.1 Defining material law to serve as a basis for finite element calculations. 240 8.1.1 Specimen-level tests. 240 8.1.2.

Structural tests. 247 8.2 Evaluation method for elastic-plastic finite element calculations. 251 8.3 Numerical tests and results. 254 REFERENCES. 259 Annex. 267.