List of abbreviations INTRODUCTION What is grammar? Grammar ''rules'' and grammatical structures Standard English English as a world language British English and American English How this book is organised A note on sources CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCING SENTENCE STRUCTURE The constituents of a sentence The Grammatical Hierarchy Form and function in grammatical description 1.4 Subject and verb 1.5 Identifying the Subject 1.5.1 The Inversion Test 1.5.2 The Tag Question Test 1.5.
3 Subject-verb agreement 1.6 Verb types and sentence patterns 1.6.1 Intransitive verbs 1.6.2 Linking verbs and Subject Complements 1.6.3 Monotransitive verbs and Direct Objects 1.
6.4 Ditransitive verbs and Indirect Objects 1.6.5 Complex transitive verbs and Object Complements 1.6.6 Adverbial Complements 1.6.7 Summary: The six sentence patterns 1.
7 Active sentences and passive sentences 1.8 Adjuncts 1.8.1 The meanings of Adjuncts 1.9 Peripheral constituents in sentence structure 1.10 Fragments and non-sentences EXERCISES CHAPTER 2 WORDS AND WORD CLASSES 2.1 Open and closed word classes 2.2 Nouns and determiners 2.
2.1 Singular nouns and plural nouns 2.2.2 Common nouns and proper nouns 2.2.3 Countable nouns and uncountable nouns 2.2.4 Genitive nouns 2.
2.5 Dependent genitives and independent genitives 2.2.6 Determiners 2.3 Pronouns 2.3.1 Personal pronouns 2.3.
2 Possessive pronouns 2.3.3 Reflexive pronouns 2.3.4 Demonstrative pronouns 2.3.5 Quantifying pronouns and numerals 2.3.
6 Relative pronouns 2.3.7 Nominal relative pronouns 2.3.8 Interrogative pronouns 2.3.9 Pronoun one 2.3.
10 Pronoun it 2.4 Main verbs 2.4.1 The five verb forms 2.4.2 The base form 2.4.3 The - s form 2.
4.4 The past form 2.4.5 The - ed/-en form 2.4.6 The - ing form 2.4.7 Irregular verbs 2.
4.8 Regular and irregular variants 2.4.9 The verb be 2.4.10 Multi-word verbs 2.4.11 Light verbs 2.
5Auxiliary verbs 2.5.1 Modal auxiliary verbs 2.5.2The meanings of modal auxiliaries 2.5.3The passive auxiliary be 2.5.
4The progressive auxiliary be 2.5.5The perfective auxiliary have 2.5.6Auxiliary do 2.5.7Semi-auxiliary verbs 2.6 Adjectives 2.
6.1Gradable adjectives 2.6.2Comparative adjectives and superlative adjectives 2.6.3Participial adjectives 2.6.4 Nominal adjectives 2.
7Adverbs 2.7.1 Circumstantial adverbs 2.7.2 Degree adverbs 2.7.3Comparative adverbs and superlative adverbs 2.8Prepositions 2.
9Conjunctions EXERCISES CHAPTER 3 PHRASES 3.1 What is a phrase? 3.2 The basic structure of phrases 3.3 Adverb phrases 3.3.1 The functions of adverb phrases 3.4 Adjective phrases 3.4.
1 Comparative constructions 3.4.2 The functions of adjective phrases 3.5 Prepositional phrases 3.5.1 The functions of prepositional phrases 3.6 Noun phrases 3.6.
1 Noun phrase Heads 3.6.1.1 Identifying the Head 3.6.2 Determiners and Determinatives 3.6.3 Noun phrase Premodifiers 3.
6.4 Noun phrase Postmodifiers 3.6.4.1 Sequential and embedded Postmodifiers 3.6.4.2 Postmodifiers and Complements 3.
6.5 The functions of noun phrases 3.6.6 Apposition 3.7 Verb phrases 3.7.1 The Operator 3.7.
2 The ordering of auxiliary verbs 3.7.3 Finite verb phrases and non-finite verb phrases 3.7.4 Movement 3.7.5 Tense 3.7.
6. Expressing future time 3.7.7 Aspect 3.7.8 Mood EXERCISES CHAPTER 4 CLAUSES AND SENTENCES 4.1 What is a clause? 4.2 Subordination 4.
2.1 Finite and non-finite subordinate clauses 4.2.2Adjunct clauses 4.2.2.1 The meanings of Adjunct clauses 4.2.
3Relative clauses 4.2.4Nominal relative clauses 4.2.5 That -clauses 4.2.6Comparative clauses 4.2.
7The functions of clauses in sentences 4.2.8The functions of clauses in phrases 4.3Coordination 4.3.1Coordination types 4.3.2 The meanings of coordinators 4.
3.3 Correlative coordinators 4.3.4Quasi-coordination 4.4 Sentence types 4.4.1 Declarative sentences 4.4.
2 Interrogative sentences 4.4.3 Imperative sentences 4.4.4 Exclamative sentences 4.5 Positive sentences and negative sentences 4.6 Inverted sentences 4.7 Extraposition and postponement 4.
8 There -sentences 4.9Cleft sentences 4.10Sentence connectors 4.10.1Logical connectors 4.10.2Structural connectors 4.11 Referring expressions EXERCISES CHAPTER 5 WORD FORMATION AND SPELLING 5.
1The structure of words 5.2Prefixes 5.3Suffixes 5.4Compounding and blending 5.5Acronyms, abbreviations, and clipping 5.6Back formations 5.7Combining forms 5.8Inflections 5.
9Adding inflections: general spelling rules 5.10Adding -ly and -ally 5.11Plural nouns 5.12Variants with s or z 5.13British and American spelling variants 5.14Problem spellings ANSWERS TO EXERCISES APPENDIX: English Irregular Verbs Glossary of terms Further reading Index.