This is a sequel to a volume published in 2011 by OUP under the title The Ubiquitous Åiva: SomÄ nanda's Åivadá á á -i and his Tantric Interlocutors . The first volume offered an introduction, critical edition, and annotated translation of the first three chapters of the Åivadá á á -i of SomÄ nanda, along with its principal commentary, the Åivadá á á -ivá tti , written by Utpaladeva. It dealt primarily with Åaiva theology and the religious views of competing esoteric traditions. The present volume presents the fourth chapter of the Åivadá á á -i and Åivadá á á -ivá tti and addresses a fresh set of issues that engage a distinct family of opposing schools and authors of mainstream Indian philosophical traditions. In this fourth chapter, SomÄ nanda and Utpaladeva engage logical and philosophical works that exerted tremendous influence in the Indian subcontinent in its premodernity. Among the authors and schools addressed by SomÄ nanda in this chapter are the Buddhist Epistemologists, and DharmakÄ rti in particular; the Hindu school of hermeneutics, i.e., the MÄ mÄ á sÄ; the Hindu realist schools of the logic- and debate-oriented NyÄ ya and their ontologically-oriented partners, the VaiÅeá ika; and the Hindu, dualist SÄ á khya and Yoga schools.

Throughout this chapter, SomÄ nanda endeavors to explain his brand of Åaivism philosophically. SomÄ nanda challenges his philosophical interlocutors with a single over-arching argument: he suggests that their views cannot cohereDLthey cannot be explained logicallyDLunless their authors accept the Åaiva non-duality for which he advocates. The argument he offers, despite its historical influence, remains virtually unstudied. The Ubiquitous Åiva Volume II offers the first English translation of Chapter Four of the Åivadá á á -i and Åivadá á á -ivá tti along with an introduction and critical edition.