1. Urban environments and insect wellbeing 1.1 Introduction: urban environments 1.2 Urban transformations 1.3 Concerns for conservation 1.4 Urban insect conservation 1.5 References 2. Insects in urban environments 2.

1 Introduction: the variety of concerns 2.2 Scales and intensity of change 2.3 Ecological traps 2.4 References 3. Insects along urban-rural gradients 3.1 Introduction: values of gradient studies 3.2 Interpreting changes 3.3 Focal insect groups for study 3.

4 Generality and predictive traits 3.5 Urban successions 3.6 References 4. Impacts on insect communities and species 4.1 Introduction: characterising urban insect species and communities 4.2 Impacts of change 4.3 Species losses 4.4 Extinction debt 4.

5 Species contexts 4.6 Sanitation and resources 4.7 References 5. Alien species in urban environments 5.1 Introduction: the variety of alien species 5.2 Alien plants 5.3 Alien animals 5.4 References 6.

Urban insect pest management: implications for insect conservation 6.1 Introduction: a key theme in urban entomology 6.2 Concerns over insects 6.3 Control of urban insect ''pests'' 6.4 Expanding perpectives of management 6.5 References 7. Selected urban threats to insects 7.1 Introduction: conservation implications of some urban developments 7.

2 The heat island effect 7.3 Artifical lighting 7.4 Traffic 7.5 bird or bat predation 7.6 References 8. Countering insect habitat losses and change in urban areas 8.1 Introduction: urban open spaces 8.2 Reconciliation ecology 8.

3 Urban agriculture 8.4 Brownfield sites 8.5 Aquatic ecosystems 8.6 References 9. Providing habitats for urban insects 9.1 Introduction: indicating the range of possibilities 9.2 Urban parks 9.3 Community gardens 9.

4 Urban forests 9.5 Urban meadows 9.6 Domestic gardens 9.7 Lawns 9.8 Golf courses 9.9 Novel habitats: green roofs and green walls 9.10 Periurban fringes 9.11 References 10.

Landscape connectivity for urban insects 10.1 Introduction: countering habitat fragmentation in urban landscapes 10.2 Corridors and nodes 10.3 Translocations 10.4 References 11. Education and cultural awareness for the future 11.1 Introduction: establishing perspective and defining needs 11.2 Citizen science for urban insects 11.

3 Prospects 11.3 References.