IntroductionUncovering the politics of anti-Christian discourseOutlineChapter OneJapanese Christian Thought: Doctrinal Diversity or Civilizational Clash?Habian: On the front line of "the clash of civilizations"Currents of Japanese Christian thought: Contrasting genresMyotei Mondo: Creation, ethics and afterlifeDochirina Kirishitan: Hierarchy, faith and sinInternal Japanese Jesuit texts: Scholasticism and humanismRicci''s Chinese Christianity: Confucianism meets ChristRicci and Habian: Two discourses, two worldsConclusion: Christianity in Japan - a broad churchChapter TwoJapanese Confucianism and Japanese Christianity: Parallels and InteractionsMyotei Mondo: Harnessing Confucianism to ChristianityJapanese Confucianism and Christianity: Two discourses, one conflictEarly Japanese Confucianism: Individual versus institutionConfucians and Christians: Fighting the same battlesConfucians and Christians: Adapting to social and political changeHadaiusu: Apostasy or adaptation?Hadaiusu explored: Elements of continuityConclusion: Habian''s tenko and the role of autonomy in politics and societyChapter ThreeEarly Tokugawa Anti-Christian Discourse: Proclamations, Populist Literature and DiplomacyThe political roots of the suppression of ChristianityThe spread of the suppression and its political consequencesProclamations: A call to orderPopulist texts: A political projectKirishitan Monogatari: Dehumanisation and derisionSuzuki Shosan: Tradition as legitimationThe "anti-Christian canon" reconsidered: Politics over doctrineHaiyaso: Constructing a Confucian-Christian dichotomyDiplomatic correspondence: In search of a Confucian baseHayashi Razan''s diplomatic dichotomiesChanges in the East Asian orderConclusion: Anti-Christian discourse as ideological construct and political toolChapter FourAttacking Non-Christian "Christians": Ideological Uses of Early Tokugawa Anti-Christian DiscourseConfucianism''s role in the early Tokugawa shogunateRazan''s "late-period anti-Christian discourse"The Ishikawa Jozan letters: Delineating heterodoxy, expanding sectarianismSozoku zenkoki: Record of rebellionSozoku zenkoki: Was Razan its author?Sozoku zenki: "Anti-Christian" attacks on Kumazawa Banzan and SoshinSozoku koki: Marshaling the discourse on "heterodox thought"Conclusion: Comparisons and questionsChapter FiveMid- and Late Tokugawa Anti-Christian Discourse: Continuity and ChangePutting down the cudgels: The mid-Tokugawa anti-Christian discourse of Arai Hakuseki, Ogyu Sorai and Miura BaienArai Hakuseki''s Wild West: Taking cues from ChinaHakuseki''s Christian-Confucian problematic: Governance and loyaltyHakuseki''s Honsarokuko: Ambivalence revealedOgyu Sorai: Christianity as scholarly objectMiura Baien: The Christian threat returnsLate Tokugawa anti-Christian discourse: Mito Learning, Christianity and ideologyFujita Yukoku and Sonno joi thought: Ordering the ruling classesAizawa Seishisai and Kokutairon: Harnessing the massesSeishisai''s Kikoben: A focus on ChristianityTokugawa Nariaki''s Hajashu and Sokkyohen: Creating an anti-Christian canonKiyu Dojin''s Hekijashu and Hekijakankenroku: A Buddhist perspectiveSokkyohen and Hekijankankenroku: Confucians and Buddhists in anti-Christian concertPure Land Buddhism and the state(s)Yasui Sokken: The post-Restoration continuities of anti-Christian discourseConclusion: Transformation and continuityChapter SixMeiji Anti-Christian Discourse: Modern National Ideology and ConservatismThe two InouesInoue Enryo: The Imperial Constitution and religionEnryo''s philosophical "truth": "Transcending" HegelMeiji political debate and the Imperial Rescript on EducationThe Rescript Explicated: Inoue Tetsujiro''s commentaryThe Uchimura Kanzo Incident"The Clash Between Education and Religion""The Clash" and egalitarianismHistory making and making historyEastern "philosophy" versus Christian "religion"Conclusion: Discursive fusion and enduring dichotomiesConclusionReading anti-Christian discourse: Whose frameworks?Building ideology with history.