Preface viii Acknowledgements x 1 Anatomy and Physiology: The Musculoskeletal System 1 Muscles 1 Muscle Tissues 2 Properties of Muscle Tissue 5 Bone 6 The Skeleton 6 Bone as Connective Tissue 10 Osteoblasts 11 Osteoclasts 11 Osteocytes 11 Cartilage 12 Ligaments 12 Tendons 13 The Formation of Bone 13 Bone Growth 13 Bone Remodelling 14 Bone Fractures 15 Bone Shapes 17 Joints 20 Movements 20 Fibrous Joints 21 Cartilaginous Joints 21 Synovial Joints 22 Hinge 22 Pivot 22 Ball and Socket 24 Condyloid 24 Saddle 24 Gliding 24 Fixed Joints 24 Conclusion 24 Glossary of Terms 24 Multiple Choice Questions 26 References 27 2 Assessment of the Musculoskeletal System 28 Kinesiology 28 Assessing Needs 30 Bones 30 Muscles 30 Joints 30 Ligaments and Tendons 30 Anatomical Terms Used in Assessment 30 Principles of Assessment 34 The Health History 36 Biographical Data 36 Current Health Status 36 Balance and Coordination Problems 37 Past Health History 39 Family History 40 Review of Systems 40 Psychosocial Profile 40 The Physical Examination 41 Method 42 Carrying Out a Musculoskeletal Physical Assessment 42 Balance 43 Coordination 43 Accuracy of Movements 43 Taking Limb Measurements 44 Assessing Joints and Muscles 44 Abnormal Findings 45 Conclusion 47 Glossary of Terms 47 Multiple Choice Questions 48 References 49 3 Osteoarthritis 51 Arthritis 51 Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Osteoarthritis 52 Epidemiology 53 Risk Factors 54 Clinical Presentation 55 Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 60 Management 64 Pharmacological Approaches 65 Intra-articular Injections 65 Surgery 66 Health Teaching 66 Conclusion 68 Glossary of Terms 68 Multiple Choice Questions 69 References 70 Bone Mineral Density 76 Transgender 77 Epidemiology 77 Risk Factors 79 Clinical Presentation 80 Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 81 Management 84 Treatment of Fractures 86 Health Teaching 87 Conclusion 88 Glossary of Terms 88 Multiple Choice Questions 89 References 90 5 Rheumatoid Arthritis 92 Autoimmune Disorders 92 Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis 93 Epidemiology 95 Risk Factors 96 Clinical Presentation 97 Extra-articular Manifestations 99 Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 100 Management 104 Health Teaching 107 Conclusion 107 Glossary of Terms 107 Multiple Choice Questions 108 References 110 4 Osteoporosis 72 Bone Health 72 Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Osteoporosis 73 Fragility Fractures 74 6 Bone Cancer 111 Musculoskeletal Oncology 111 Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Primary Bone Cancer 111 Epidemiology 115 Risk Factors 116 Clinical Presentation 118 Grading and Staging 119 Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 120 Management 126 Health Teaching 127 Conclusion 127 Glossary of Terms 128 Multiple Choice Questions 128 References 130 7 Gout 131 Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Gout 131 Epidemiology 134 Risk Factors 134 Clinical Presentation 136 Complications 138 Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 139 Management 142 Comorbidity Management 143 Health Teaching 144 Conclusion 145 Glossary of Terms 145 Multiple Choice Questions 146 References 147 8 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 149 Cubital Tunnel Syndrome 149 Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 149 Epidemiology 150 Risk Factors 151 Clinical Presentation 152 Stage 1 155 Stage 2 155 Stage 3 155 Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 155 Management 159 Health Teaching 161 Conclusion 162 Glossary of Terms 162 Multiple Choice Questions 163 References 164 MCQ Answers 166 Index 167.