Preface XIX Foreword XXI by Robert W. Cahn Motto XXIII List of Contributors XXV 1 Introduction 1 Wolfgang Pfeiler 1.1 The Importance of Alloys at the Beginning of the Third Millennium 1 1.2 Historical Development 5 1.2.1 Historical Perspective 5 1.2.2 The Development of Modern Alloy Science 9 1.

3 Atom Kinetics 12 1.4 The Structure of this Book 13 References 18 2 Crystal Structure and Chemical Bonding 19 Yuri Grin, Ulrich Schwarz, and Walter Steurer 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Factors Governing Formation, Composition and Crystal Structure of Intermetallic Phases 20 2.2.1 Mappings of Crystal Structure Types 21 2.3 Models of Chemical Bonding in Intermetallic Phases 25 2.3.

1 Models Based on the Valence (or Total) Electron Numbers 25 2.3.2 Quantum Mechanical Models for Metallic Structures 29 2.3.3 Electronic Closed-Shell Configurations and Two-Center Two-Electron Bonds in Intermetallic Compounds 31 2.4 Structure Types of Intermetallic Compounds 36 2.4.1 Classification of the Crystal Structures of Intermetallic Compounds 37 2.

4.2 Crystal Structures Derived from the Closest Packings of Equal Spheres 37 2.4.3 Crystal Structures Derived from the Close Packings of Equal Spheres 40 2.4.4 Crystal Structures Derived from the Packings of the Spheres of Different Sizes 43 2.4.5 Selected Crystal Structures with Complex Structural Patterns 44 2.

5 Quasicrystals 48 2.5.1 Introduction 48 2.5.2 Quasiperiodic Structures in Direct and Reciprocal Space 50 2.5.3 Formation and Stability 52 2.5.

4 Structures of Decagonal Quasicrystals (DQCs) 53 2.5.5 Structures of Icosahedral Quasicrystals 55 2.6 Outlook 59 References 60 3 Solidification and Grown-in Defects 63 Thierry Duffar 3.1 Introduction: the Solid-Liquid Interface 63 3.1.1 Structure of the Solid-Liquid Interface 63 3.1.

2 Kinetics of the Solid-Liquid Interface 65 3.1.3 Chemistry of the Solid-Liquid Interface: the Segregation Problem 67 3.1.4 Temperature of the Solid-Liquid Interface 69 3.2 Solidification Structures 70 3.2.1 The Interface Stability and Cell Periodicity 71 3.

2.2 Dendrites 74 3.2.3 Rapid Solidification 86 3.2.4 Eutectic Structures 90 3.3 Defects in Single and Polycrystals 93 3.3.

1 Defects in Single Crystals 94 3.3.2 Grain Structure of an Alloy 101 3.3.3 Macro- and Mesosegregation 110 3.4 Outlook 114 References 117 4 Lattice Statics and Lattice Dynamics 119 Véronique Pierron-Bohnes and Tarik Mehaddene 4.1 Introduction: The Binding and Atomic Interaction Energies 119 4.2 Elasticity of Crystalline Lattices 124 4.

2.1 Linear Elasticity 125 4.2.2 Elastic Constants 125 4.2.3 Cases of Cubic and Tetragonal Lattices 127 4.2.4 Usual Elastic Moduli 128 4.

2.5 Link with Sound Propagation 130 4.3 Lattice Dynamics and Thermal Properties of Alloys 132 4.3.1 Normal Modes of Vibration in the Harmonic Approximation 133 4.4 Beyond the Harmonic Approximation 149 4.4.1 Thermal Expansion 150 4.

4.2 Thermal Conductivity 151 4.4.3 Soft Phonon Modes and Structural Phase Transition 153 4.5 Experimental Investigation of the Normal Modes of Vibration 156 4.5.1 Raman Spectroscopy 156 4.5.

2 Inelastic Neutron Scattering 157 4.6 Phonon Spectra and Migration Energy 160 4.7 Outlook 165 References 168 5 Point Defects, Atom Jumps, and Diffusion 173 Wolfgang Püschl, Hiroshi Numakura, and Wolfgang Pfeiler 5.1 Point Defects 173 5.1.1 A Brief Overview 173 5.1.2 Point Defects in Pure Metals and Dilute Alloys 187 5.

1.3 Point Defects in Ordered Alloys 197 5.2 Defect Migration: Microscopic Diffusion 217 5.2.1 The Single Atom Jump 217 5.2.2 Solid Solutions 222 5.2.

3 Atom Migration in Ordered Alloys 238 5.3 Statistical Methods: from Single Jump to Configuration Changes 252 5.3.1 Master Equation Method 253 5.3.2 Continuum Approaches to Microscopic Diffusion and their Interrelationship with Atom Jump Statistics 253 5.3.3 Path Probability Method 255 5.

3.4 Monte Carlo Simulation Method 255 5.4 Macroscopic Diffusion 256 5.4.1 Formal Description 256 5.4.2 Phase Transformations as Diffusion Phenomena 263 5.4.

3 Enhanced Diffusion Paths 265 5.5 Outlook 272 References 274 6 Dislocations and Mechanical Properties 281 Daniel Caillard 6.1 Introduction 281 6.2 Thermally Activated Mechanisms 283 6.2.1 Introduction to Thermal Activation 283 6.2.2 Interactions with Solute Atoms 285 6.

2.3 Forest Mechanism 292 6.2.4 Peierls-Type Friction Forces 293 6.2.5 Cross-Slip in fcc Metals and Alloys 305 6.2.6 Dislocation Climb 309 6.

2.7 Conclusions on Thermally Activated Mechanisms 316 6.3 Hardening and Recovery 316 6.3.1 Dislocation Multiplication versus Exhaustion 317 6.3.2 Dislocation-Dislocation Interaction and Internal Stress: the Taylor Law 321 6.3.

3 Hardening Stages in fcc Metals and Alloys 323 6.4 Complex Behavior 330 6.4.1 Yield Stress Anomalies 330 6.4.2 Fatigue 333 6.4.3 Strength of Nanocrystalline Alloys and Thin Layers 336 6.

4.4 Fracture 338 6.4.5 Quasicrystals 339 6.5 Outlook 342 References 342 7 Phase Equilibria and Phase Transformations 347 Brent Fultz and Jeffrey J. Hoyt 7.1 Alloy Phase Diagrams 347 7.1.

1 Solid Solutions 347 7.1.2 Free Energy and the Lever Rule 351 7.1.3 Common Tangent Construction 353 7.1.4 Unmixing and Continuous Solid Solubility Phase Diagrams 354 7.1.

5 Eutectic and Peritectic Phase Diagrams 356 7.1.6 More Complex Phase Diagrams 357 7.1.7 Atomic Ordering 359 7.1.8 Beyond Simple Models 362 7.1.

9 Entropy of Configurations 363 7.1.10 Principles of Phonon Entropy 365 7.1.11 Trends of Phonon Entropy 367 7.1.12 Phonon Entropy at Elevated Temperatures 369 7.2 Kinetics and the Approach to Equilibrium 371 7.

2.1 Suppressed Diffusion in the Solid (Nonequilibrium Compositions) 371 7.2.2 Nucleation Kinetics 373 7.2.3 Suppressed Diffusion in the Liquid (Glasses) 374 7.2.4 Suppressed Diffusion in a Solid Phase (Solid-State Amorphization) 375 7.

2.5 Combined Reactions 376 7.2.6 Statistical Kinetics of Phase Transformations 377 7.2.7 Kinetic Pair Approximation 378 7.2.8 Equilibrium State of Order 380 7.

2.9 Kinetic Paths 380 7.3 Nucleation and Growth Transformations 382 7.3.1 Definitions 382 7.3.2 Fluctuations and the Critical Nucleus 384 7.3.

3 The Nucleation Rate 387 7.3.4 Time-Dependent Nucleation 391 7.3.5 Effect of Elastic Strain 393 7.3.6 Heterogeneous Nucleation 395 7.3.

7 The Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami Growth Equation 397 7.4 Spinodal Decomposition 399 7.4.1 Concentration Fluctuations and the Free Energy of Solution 400 7.4.2 The Diffusion Equation 402 7.4.3 Effects of Elastic Strain Energy 404 7.

5 Martensitic Transformations 406 7.5.1 Characteristics of Martensite 406 7.5.2 Massive and Displacive Transformations 411 7.5.3 Bain Strain Mid-Lattice Invariant Shear 412 7.5.

4 Martensite Crystallography 413 7.5.5 Nucleation and Dislocation Models of Martensite 415 7.5.6 Soft Mode Transitions, the Clapp Lattice Instability Model 417 7.6 Outlook 418 References 420 8 Kinetics in Nonequilibrium Alloys 423 Pascal Bellon and Georges Martin 8.1 Relaxation of Nonequilibrium Alloys 424 8.1.

1 Coherent Precipitation: Nothing but Solid-State Diffusion 425 8.1.2 Cluster Dynamics, Nucleation Theory, Diffusion Equations: Three Tools for Describing Kinetic Pathways 426 8.1.3 Cluster Dynamics 427 8.1.4 Classical Nucleation Theory 432 8.1.

5 Kinetics of Concentration Fields 436 8.1.6 Conclusion 438 8.2 Driven Alloys 438 8.2.1 Examples of Driven Alloys 439 8.2.2 Identification of the Relevant Control Parameters: Toward a Dynamical Equilibrium Phase Diagram 450 8.

2.3 Theoretical Approaches and Simulation Techniques 454 8.2.4 Self-Organization in Driven Alloys: Role of Length Scales of the External Forcing 468 8.2.5 Practical Applications and Extensions 481 8.3 Outlook 484 References 484 9 Change of Alloy Properties under Dimensional Restrictions 491 Hirotaro Mori and Jung-Goo Lee 9.1 Introduction 491 9.

2 Instrumentation for in-situ Observation of Phase Transformation of Nanometer-Sized Alloy Particles 492 9.3 Depression of the Eutectic Temperature and its Relevant Phenomena 494 9.3.1 Atomic Diffusivity in Nanometer-Sized Particles 494 9.3.2 Eutectic Temperature in Nanometer-Sized Alloy Particles 496 9.3.3 Structural Instability 500 9.

3.4 Thermodynamic Discussion 503 9.4 Solid/Liquid Two-Phase Microstructure 508 9.4.1 Solid-Liquid Phase Transition 508 9.4.2 Two-Phase Microstructure 514 9.5 Solid Solubility in Nanometer-Sized Alloy Particles 518 9.

6 Summary and Future Perspectives 521 References 522 10 Statistical Thermodynamics and Model Calculations 525 Tetsuo Mohri 10.1 Introduction 525 10.2 Statistical Thermodynamics on a Discr.