Section 1 Introduction Introduction Some Helpful Hints Neuroanatomy Overview of the Patient Evaluation The Neurologic Examination Overview and Form Neurologic Examination Techniques and Lesion Localization Evaluation of the Head Evaluation of the Gait Evaluation of the Neck, Thoracic Limbs, Back, Pelvic Limbs, Tail, and Anus Postural Reactions Spinal Cord Reflexes Miscellaneous Pain Perception Lesion Localization Section 2 Dementia, Stupor, and Coma Definitions Lesion Localization Differentiation of Lesions Causing Stupor or Coma Differential Diagnosis Common and Occasional Disorders Rare Causes of Stupor and Coma Diagnostic Evaluation Important Historical Questions Physical Examination Neurologic Examination Applicable Diagnostic Tests Common and Occasional Disorders Head Trauma Intoxication Hypoglycemia Hepatic Encephalopathy Meningoencephalitis Hydrocephalus Neoplasia Cerebrovascular Disorders Hypoxia and Anoxia Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome Rare Causes of Stupor and Coma Diabetes Mellitus Hypothyroidism Hyponatremia Hypernatremia Uremic Encephalopathy Thiamine Deficiency Lysosomal Storage Disorders Epidermoid, Dermoid, and Arachnoid Cysts Lissencephaly Section 3 Seizures Definitions Lesion Localization Differential Diagnosis by Age Group Younger Than 1 Year of Age 1 to 5 Years of Age Older Than 5 Years of Age Diagnostic Evaluation Important Historical Questions Physical and Neurologic Examinations Applicable Diagnostic Tests Seizure Disorders Probable Symptomatic Epilepsy Idiopathic Epilepsy Status Epilepticus Therapy Maintenance Anticonvulsant Therapy Phenobarbital Potassium Bromide Monitoring Therapy Diazepam Adding a Second Drug Other Rarely Used Anticonvulsant Drugs At-home Therapy to Control Cluster Seizures Section 4 Tremors Definitions Lesion Localization Differential Diagnosis Diagnostic Evaluation Important Historical Questions Physical and Neurologic Examinations Applicable Diagnostic Tests Tremor Disorders Hypocalcemia Hypoglycemia Intoxications Nonsuppurative Meningoencephalomyelitis and Idiopathic Tremors of Adult Dogs Idiopathic Tremors of Geriatric Dogs Episodic Idiopathic Head Tremors or Bobbing Hypomyelination or Dysmyelination Section 5 Head Tilt, Dysequilibrium and Nystagmus Definitions Lesion Localization The Vestibular System Differentiation of Vestibular Lesions Vestibular Labyrinth and Nerves (CN 8) Vestibular Nuclei and the Medulla Oblongata Flocculonodular Lobe of the Cerebellum Differential Diagnosis Vestibular Labyrinth and Nerve (PNS) Disorders Medulla Oblongata and Cerebellar (CNS) Disorders Diagnostic Evaluation Important Historical Questions Physical Examination Neurologic Examination Applicable Diagnostic Tests Vestibular Labyrinth and Nerve Disorders Idiopathic Vestibular Syndrome Otitis Interna Head Trauma Iatrogenic Vestibular Syndrome from Ear Cleaning Polyps and Neoplasia Hypothyroidism Aminoglycoside Intoxication Medulla Oblongata and Cerebellar Disorders Meningoencephalitis Trauma Cerebrovascular Disorders Metronidazole Intoxication Neoplasia Parasite Migration Section 6 Cranial Neuropathies and Myopathies Clinical Signs Definitions Lesion Localization Differentiation of Peripheral and Central Cranial Nerve Lesions Differential Diagnosis Peripheral Nerve and Muscle Disorders Central Nervous System Disorders (Any Cranial Nerve Sign) Diagnostic Evaluation Important Historical Questions Physical Examination Neurologic Examination Applicable Diagnostic Tests Peripheral Nerve and Muscle Disorders Blindness Anisocoria Strabismus Jaw Paralysis Temporalis and Masseter Muscle Atrophy Facial Nerve Paralysis Deafness Dysphagia, Megaesophagus, Dysphonia, and Stridor Tongue Paralysis or Atrophy Cranial Polyneuropathies Dysautonomia Central Nervous System Disorders Section 7 Neck or Back Pain Definitions Lesion Localization Differential Diagnosis Diagnostic Evaluation Important Historical Questions Physical and Neurologic Examinations Applicable Diagnostic Tests Disorders That Cause Neck or Back Pain Degenerative Intervertebral Disk Disease Diskospondylitis and Spondylitis Meningitis Vertebral Fractures Lumbosacral Degeneration Atlantoaxial Subluxation Caudal Cervical Spondylomyelopathy Spondylosis Deformans Vertebral Neoplasia Nerve Root and Spinal Cord Neoplasia Polymyositis and Other Polymyopathies Polyarthritis Intracranial Disease Section 8 Ataxia Definitions Lesion Localization Differentiation of Lesions Causing Ataxia Cerebellar Lesions Brainstem Lesions Spinal Cord Lesions Sensory Nerve Lesions Vestibular System Lesions Differential Diagnosis Cerebellar Disorders Spinal Cord Disorders Sensory Nerve Disorders Diagnostic Evaluation Important Historical Questions Physical and Neurologic Examinations Applicable Diagnostic Tests Cerebellar Disorders Trauma Meningoencephalitis Cerebrovascular Disorders Intoxication Neoplasia In-Utero Cerebellar Degeneration and Hypoplasia Cerebellar Abiotrophy, and other Degenerations Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Brain Cysts Spinal Cord Disorders Degenerative Intervertebral Disk Disease Caudal Cervical Spondylomyelopathy Trauma Meningomyelitis Diskospondylitis Atlantoaxial Subluxation Neoplasia Spinal Cord Cysts Sensory Nerve Disorders Sensory Polyneuropathy Section 9 Acute Quadriparesis, Quadriplegia, Hemiparesis, or Hemiplegia Definitions Lesion Localization Differentiation of Spinal Cord and Neuromuscular Lesions C1-C5 Spinal Cord Lesions C6-T2 Spinal Cord Lesions Neuromuscular Lesions Differential Diagnosis Spinal Cord Disorders Neuromuscular Disorders Diagnostic Evaluation Important Historical Questions Physical and Neurologic Examinations Applicable Diagnostic Tests Spinal Cord Disorders Degenerative Intervertebral Disk Disease Caudal Cervical Spondylomyelopathy Trauma Fibrocartilaginous Embolism Meningomyelitis Atlantoaxial Subluxation Neoplasia Spontaneous Hemorrhage Syringomyelia Neuromuscular Disorders Acute Polyradiculoneuritis Tick Paralysis Snake Envenomation Myasthenia Gravis Botulism Acute Polyneuropathies Aminoglycoside Intoxication Section 10 Chronic Quadriparesis Definitions Lesion Localization Differentiation of Spinal Cord and Neuromuscular Lesions C1-C5 Spinal Cord Lesions C6-T2 Spinal Cord Lesions Neuromuscular Lesions Differential Diagnosis Spinal Cord Disorders Neuromuscular Disorders Diagnostic Evaluation Important Historical Questions Physical and Neurologic Examinations Applicable Diagnostic Tests Spinal Cord Disorders Degenerative Intervertebral Disk Disease Caudal Cervical Spondylomyelopathy Meningomyelitis Diskospondylitis Neoplasia Lysosomal Storage Disorders Spinal Cord Cysts Leukoencephalomyelopathy Neuromuscular Disorders Hypothyroid Neuromyopathy Chronic Idiopathic Polyneuropathy Protozoal Polyradiculoneuritis/Polymyositis Polymyopathies Myasthenia Gravis Diabetic Polyneuropathy Insulinoma Polyneuropathy Paraneoplastic Polyneuropathy Toxic Polyneuropathy Congenital or Hereditary Polyneuropathies Section 11 Episodic and Exerciseinduced Weakness Definitions Lesion Localization Differential Diagnosis Systemic Disorders Neuromuscular Disorders Miscellaneous Disorders Differential Diagnosis of Ventral Neck Flexion in Cats Diagnostic Evaluation Important Historical Questions Physical Examination Neurologic Examination Applicable Diagnostic Tests Systemic Disorders Neuromuscular Disorders Iatrogenic Corticosteroid Myopathy Polymyositis Myasthenia Gravis Hypokalemic Polymyopathy Subacute Organophosphate Intoxication Other Intoxications Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing''s Myopathy) Hypoadrenocorticism Hypothyroid Neuromyopathy Hyperthyroid Neuromyopathy Exercise-induced Collapse of Labrador Retrievers Congenital and Inherited Myopathies Lipid Storage Myopathy Mitochondrial Myopathies Nutritional Polymyopathies Paraneoplastic Polymyopathy Thiamine Deficiency Miscellaneous Disorders Cataplexy Section 12 Acute Paraparesis or Paraplegia Definitions Lesion Localization Differentiation.