Each part opens with an Introduction and ends with Key Terms and Suggestions for Further Reading.*=New to this editionPrefaceTime LineI. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?1. Plato: Socratic Wisdom2. Plato: The Allegory of the Cave3. John Locke: Of Enthusiasm and the Quest for Truth4. Bertrand Russell: The Value of PhilosophyExcursus: A Little Bit of Logic- Deductive and Inductive Reasoning- Inference to the Best Explanation- Identifying Arguments- Some Applications- Fallacies of Reasoning- Exercises in Critical Reasoning- Study and Discussion QuestionsII. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGIONII.
A. Is Belief in God Rationally Justified? Arguments for the Existence of God- The Cosmological Argument- Pro5. Thomas Aquinas: The Five Ways6. William Lane Craig: The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Anthropic Principle- Contra7. Paul Edwards: A Critique of the Cosmological Argument- The Teleological Argument- Pro8. William Paley: The Watch and the Watchmaker- Contra9. David Hume: A Critique of the Teleological Argument- The Ontological Argument- Pro et Contra10. St.
Anselm and Gaunilo: The Ontological Argument11. William Rowe: An Analysis of the Ontological ArgumentII.B. Why Is There Evil?12. Fyodor Dostoevsky: Why Is There Evil?13. B.C. Johnson: Why Doesn''t God Intervene to Prevent Evil?14.
John Hick: There Is a Reason Why God Allows Evil15. William L. Rowe: The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism *II.C. Is Faith Compatible with Reason?16. Blaise Pascal: Yes, Faith Is a Logical Bet17. W.K.
Clifford: The Ethics of Belief18. William James: The Will to Believe19. Antony Flew, R.M. Hare, and Basil Mitchell: A Debate on the Rationality of Religious Belief20. Alvin Plantinga: Religious Belief Without Evidence21. Søren Kierkegaard: Faith and Truth22. Michael Martin: Holy Spirit Epistemology23.
Bertrand Russell: Can Religion Cure Our Troubles?III. KNOWLEDGEIII.A. What Can We Know? Classical Theories of Knowledge24. René Descartes: Cartesian Doubt and the Search for Foundational Knowledge25. John Locke: The Empiricist Theory of Knowledge26. George Berkeley: An Idealist Theory of Knowledge27. David Hume: The Origin of Our Ideas28.
G.E. Moore: Proof of an External World *III.B. Truth, Rationality, and Cognitive Relativism29. Bertrand Russell: The Correspondence Theory of Truth30. William James: The Pragmatic Theory of Truth31. Richard Rorty: Dismantling Truth: Solidarity versus Objectivity32.
Daniel Dennett: Postmodernism and Truth33. Harvey Siegel: RelativismIII.C. Induction34. David Hume: Skeptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding35. Wesley C. Salmon: The Problem of InductionIV. PHILOSOPHY OF MIND: THE MIND-BODY PROBLEMIV.
A. What Am I? A Mind or a Body?36. René Descartes: Substance Dualism37. Gilbert Ryle: Exorcising Descartes'' "Ghost in the Machine"38. J.P. Moreland: A Contemporary Defense of Dualism39. Paul Churchland: On Functionalism and Materialism40.
J.J.C. Smart: Sensations and Brain Processes *41. Thomas Nagel: What Is It Like to Be a Bat?42. Jerry A. Fodor: The Mind-Body Problem43. David Chalmers: Property Dualism44.
John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Computers45. Ned Block: Troubles with FunctionalismIV.B. Who Am I? Do We Have Personal Identity?46. John Locke: Our Psychological Properties Define the Self47. David Hume: We Have No Substantial Self with Which We Are Identical48. Buddhist Scripture: Questions to King MilindaV. FREEDOM OF THE WILL AND DETERMINISM- Contra49.
Baron d''Holbach: We Are Completely Determined- Pro50. William James: The Dilemma of Determinism51. Peter van Inwagen: The Powers of Rational Beings: Freedom of the Will52. Roderick M. Chisholm: Human Freedom and the Self- Pro et Contra53. W.T. Stace: Compatibilism54.
Harry Frankfurt: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person55. David Hume: Liberty and NecessityVI. ETHICSVI.A. Are There Any Moral Absolutes or Is Morality Completely Relative?56. Ruth Benedict: Morality Is Relative57. James Rachels: Morality Is Not RelativeVI.B.
Ethics and Egoism: Why Should We Be Moral?58. Plato: Why Should I Be Moral?: Gyges'' Ring and Socrates'' Dilemma59. Louis P. Pojman: Egoism and Altruism: A Critique of Ayn Rand60. Joel Feinberg: Psychological EgoismVI.C. Which Is the Correct Ethical Theory?61. Immanuel Kant: The Moral Law62.
John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism63. Aristotle: The Ethics of Virtue64. Alison M. Jaggar: Feminist Ethics *65. Annette C. Baier: The Need for More than Justice *66. Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialist Ethics67. James Rachels: The Divine Command TheoryVII.
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY68. Robert Paul Wolff: In Defense of Anarchism69. Thomas Hobbes: The Absolutist Answer: The Justification of the State Is the Security It Affords70. John Locke: The Democratic Answer: The Justification of the State Is Its Promotion of Security and Natural Human Rights71. John Stuart Mill: A Classical Liberal Answer: Government Must Promote Freedom72. John Rawls: The Contemporary Liberal Answer73. Robert Nozick: Against Liberalism *VIII. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF LIFE?74.
Epicurus: Moderate Hedonism75. Epictetus: Stoicism: Enchiridion76. Albert Camus: Life Is Absurd77. Julian Baggini: Living Life Forwards78. Louis P. Pojman: Religion Gives Meaning to Life79. Thomas Nagel: The Absurd80. Bertrand Russell: Reflections on SufferingIX.
CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMSIX.A. Is Abortion Morally Permissible?- Contra81. Don Marquis: Why Abortion Is Immoral82. Francis J. Beckwith: Arguments from Bodily Rights *- Pro83. Mary Anne Warren: On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion84. Judith Jarvis Thomson: A Defense of Abortion- Pro et Contra85.
Jane English: The Moderate Position: Beyond the Personhood ArgumentIX.B. Is the Death Penalty Morally Permissible?- Pro86. Burton Leiser: The Death Penalty Is Permissible- Contra87. Hugo Adam Bedau: No, the Death Penalty Is Not Morally Permissible*IX.C. Should Society Permit Same-Sex Marriage?88. Sam Schulman: Gay Marriage--and Marriage *89.
Jonathan Rauch: For Better or Worse? *IX.D. Do We Have Obligations to the Poor and Hungry?- Pro90. Peter Singer: Famine, Affluence and Morality- Contra91. Garrett Hardin: Living on a LifeboatAppendix: How to Read and Write a Philosophy PaperGlossary.