Each part opens with an Introduction and ends with Key Terms and Suggestions for Further Reading. *=New to this Edition Preface Time Line I. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? The Good of Philosophy Philosophical Terrain Thinking Philosophically Reasons and Arguments Fallacious Reasoning Identifying Arguments Some Applications Exercises in Critical Reasoning Study and Discussion Questions 1. Plato: Socratic Wisdom 2. Plato: The Allegory of the Cave 3. John Locke: Of Enthusiasm and the Quest for Truth 4. Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy II. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION II.
A. Is Belief in God Rationally Justified? Arguments for the Existence of God The Cosmological Argument Pro 5. Thomas Aquinas: The Five Ways 6. William Lane Craig: The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Anthropic Principle Contra 7. Paul Edwards: A Critique of the Cosmological Argument The Teleological Argument Pro 8. William Paley: The Watch and the Watchmaker Contra 9. David Hume: A Critique of the Teleological Argument The Ontological Argument Pro et Contra 10. St.
Anselm and Gaunilo: The Ontological Argument 11. William Rowe: An Analysis of the Ontological Argument II.B. Why Is There Evil? 12. Fyodor Dostoevsky: Why Is There Evil? 13. B.C. Johnson: Why Doesn''t God Intervene to Prevent Evil? 14.
John Hick: There Is a Reason Why God Allows Evil 15. William L. Rowe: The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism II.C. Is Faith Compatible with Reason? 16. Blaise Pascal: Yes, Faith Is a Logical Bet 17. W.K.
Clifford: The Ethics of Belief 18. William James: The Will to Believe 19. Alvin Plantinga: Religious Belief Without Evidence * 20. Michael Martin: Faith and Foundationalism 21. Søren Kierkegaard: Faith and Truth 22. Bertrand Russell: Can Religion Cure Our Troubles? III. KNOWLEDGE III.A.
What Can We Know? Classical Theories of Knowledge 23. René Descartes: Cartesian Doubt and the Search for Foundational Knowledge 24. John Locke: The Empiricist Theory of Knowledge 25. George Berkeley: An Idealist Theory of Knowledge 26. David Hume: The Origin of Our Ideas 27. G.E. Moore: Proof of an External World III.
B. Truth, Rationality, and Cognitive Relativism 28. Bertrand Russell: The Correspondence Theory of Truth 29. William James: The Pragmatic Theory of Truth 30. Richard Rorty: Dismantling Truth: Solidarity versus Objectivity 31. Daniel Dennett: Postmodernism and Truth III.C. Feminist Perspectives on Knowledge 32.
Eve Browning Cole: Philosophy and Feminist Criticism 33. Alison Ainley: Feminist Philosophy III.D. Induction 34. David Hume: Skeptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding 35. Wesley C. Salmon: The Problem of Induction IV. PHILOSOPHY OF MIND: THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM IV.
A. What Am I? A Mind or a Body? 36. RenéDescartes: Substance Dualism 37. Gilbert Ryle: Exorcising Descartes'' "Ghost in the Machine" 38. J.P. Moreland: A Contemporary Defense of Dualism 39. Paul Churchland: On Functionalism and Materialism 40.
J.J.C. Smart: Sensations and Brain Processes 41. Thomas Nagel: What Is It Like to Be a Bat? 42. Jerry A. Fodor: The Mind-Body Problem 43. David Chalmers: Property Dualism 44.
John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Computers 45. Ned Block: Troubles with Functionalism IV.B. Who Am I? Do We Have Personal Identity? 46. John Locke: Our Psychological Properties Define the Self 47. David Hume: We Have No Substantial Self with Which We Are Identical V. FREEDOM OF THE WILL AND DETERMINISM Contra 48. Baron d''Holbach: We Are Completely Determined Pro 49.
William James: The Dilemma of Determinism 50. Roderick M. Chisholm: Human Freedom and the Self Pro et Contra 51. Harry Frankfurt: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person 52. David Hume: Liberty and Necessity * 53. W.T. Stace: Compatibilism VI.
ETHICS VI.A. Are There Objective Moral Truths or Is Morality Relative? 54. Ruth Benedict: Morality Is Relative 55. James Rachels: Morality Is Not Relative VI.B. Ethics and Egoism: Why Should We Be Moral? 56. Plato: Why Should I Be Moral?: Gyges'' Ring and Socrates'' Dilemma 57.
Louis P. Pojman: Egoism and Altruism: A Critique of Ayn Rand 58. Joel Feinberg: Psychological Egoism VI.C. Which Is the Correct Ethical Theory? 59. Immanuel Kant: The Moral Law 60. John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism * 61. Russ Shafer-Landau: Consequentialism: Its Difficulties 62.
Aristotle: The Ethics of Virtue 63. Virginia Held: The Ethics of Care 64. Alison M. Jaggar: Feminist Ethics 65. Annette C. Baier: The Need for More than Justice 66. Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialist Ethics 67. James Rachels: The Divine Command Theory 68.
Thomas Nagel: Moral Luck * 69. Susan Wolf: Moral Saints VII. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY AND JUSTICE VII.A. What Is the Most Just Form of Government? 70. Robert Paul Wolff: In Defense of Anarchism 71. Thomas Hobbes: The Absolutist Answer: The Justification of the State Is the Security It Affords 72. John Locke: The Democratic Answer: The Justification of the State Is Its Promotion of Security and Natural Human Rights 73.
John Stuart Mill: A Classical Liberal Answer: Government Must Promote Freedom 74. John Rawls: The Contemporary Liberal Answer 75. Robert Nozick: Against Liberalism VII.B. What Is Social Justice? 76. Martin Luther King, Jr.: Nonviolence and Racial Justice 77. Susan Moller Okin: Justice, Gender, and Family 78.
Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women VIII. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF LIFE? 79. Epicurus: Moderate Hedonism 80. Epictetus: Stoicism: Enchiridion 81. Albert Camus: Life Is Absurd 82. Julian Baggini: Living Life Forwards 83. Louis P. Pojman: Religion Gives Meaning to Life 84.
Thomas Nagel: The Absurd * 85. Richard Taylor: The Meaning of Life * 86. Susan Wolf: Meaning in Life IX. CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS IX.A. Is Abortion Morally Permissible? Contra 87. Don Marquis: Why Abortion Is Immoral 88. Francis J.
Beckwith: Arguments from Bodily Rights Pro 89. Mary Anne Warren: On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion 90. Judith Jarvis Thomson: A Defense of Abortion Pro et Contra 91. Jane English: The Moderate Position: Beyond the Personhood Argument IX.B. Is the Death Penalty Morally Permissible? Pro 92. Burton Leiser: The Death Penalty Is Permissible Contra * 93. Igor Primoratz: A Life for a Life *IX.
C. Who Is Racist? * 94. Lawrence Blum: "Racism": Its Core Meaning * 95. Kwame Anthony Appiah: Racisms IX.D. Do We Have Obligations to the Poor and Hungry? Pro 96. Peter Singer: Famine, Affluence, and Morality Contra 97. Garrett Hardin: Living on a Lifeboat Appendix: The Truth About Philosophy Majors Appendix: How to Read and Write a Philosophy Paper Glossary.