About the AuthorAcknowledgmentsPrefaceTo the Student--How to Use SPSS With This BookSection I * Scientific InquiryChapter 1 * Introduction to Scientific Thinking Science as a Method of Knowing The Scientific Method Other Methods of Knowing The Goals of Science Approaches in Acquiring Knowledge Distinguishing Science From PseudoscienceChapter 2 * Generating Testable Ideas Generating Interesting and Novel Ideas Converting Ideas to Hypotheses and Theories Developing Your Idea: Deduction and Induction Performing a Literature Review The "3 Cs" of an Effective Literature Review Testing Your Idea: Confirmation and DisconfirmationChapter 3 * Research Ethics Ethics in Behavioral Research The Need for Ethics Committees in Research: A Historical Synopsis Ethics: Examples From Psychology Human Participant Research: IRBs and the APA Code of Conduct Animal Subject Research: IACUCs and the APA Code of Conduct Additional Ethical Considerations: Scientific IntegritySection II * Defining and Measuring Variables, Selecting Samples, and Choosing an Appropriate Research DesignChapter 4 * Identifying Scientific Variables Criteria for Defining and Measuring Variables Constructs and Operational Definitions Types of Variables Scales of Measurement Reliability of a Measurement Validity of a Measurement Selecting a Measurement Procedure SPSS in Focus: Entering and Coding DataChapter 5 * Sampling From Populations Selecting Samples From Populations Methods of Sampling: Nonprobability Sampling Methods of Sampling: Probability Sampling Sampling Error and Standard Error of the Mean Potential Biases in Sampling SPSS in FocusChapter 6 * Choosing a Research Design Designing a Study to Answer a Question Categories of Research Design Internal and External Validity Demonstrating Cause in an Experiment Threats to the Internal Validity of a Research Study Threats to the External Validity of a Research Study External Validity, Experimentation, and RealismSection III * Nonexperimental Research DesignsChapter 7 * Qualitative Research Designs An Overview of Qualitative Research Role of the Researcher and Entry Into the Field Sampling in Qualitative Research Types of Qualitative Data Qualitative Research Designs: Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Case StudyChapter 8 * Naturalistic and Existing Data Research Designs An Overview of Naturalistic Observation Techniques for Conducting Naturalistic Observations An Overview of Existing Data Designs Existing Data Research Designs: Archival Research, Content Analysis, and Meta-AnalysisChapter 9 * Survey and Correlational Research Designs An Overview of Survey Designs Rules for Writing Survey Items Administering Surveys Surveys, Sampling, and Nonresponse Bias The Structure of Correlational Designs Describing the Relationship Between Variables Limitations in Interpretation Correlation, Regression, and Prediction SPSS in Focus: Correlation and Linear RegressionSection IV * Quasi-Experimental and Experimental Research DesignsChapter 10 * Quasi-Experimental and Single-Case Experimental Designs An Overview of Quasi-Experimental Designs Quasi-Experimental Design: Nonequivalent Control Group Designs Quasi-Experimental Design: Time Series Designs Quasi-Experimental Design: Developmental Designs An Overview of Single-Case Experimental Designs Single-Case Baseline-Phase Designs Validity, Stability, Magnitude, and GeneralityChapter 11 * Between-Subjects Experimental Designs Conducting Experiments: Between-Subjects Design Manipulation and the Independent Variable Variability and the Independent Variable Comparing Two Independent Samples SPSS in Focus: Two-Independent-Sample t Test Comparing More Than Two Independent Samples SPSS in Focus: One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA Measuring the Dependent VariableChapter 12 * Within-Subjects Experimental Designs Conducting Experiments: Within-Subjects Design Controlling Time-Related Factors Individual Differences and Variability Comparing Two Related Samples SPSS in Focus: Related-Samples t Test Comparing Two or More Related Samples SPSS in Focus: One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA An Alternative to Pre-Post Designs: Solomon Four-Group Design Comparing Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects DesignsChapter 13 * Factorial Experimental Designs Testing Multiple Factors in the Same Experiment Types of Factorial Designs Main Effects and Interactions Identifying Main Effects and Interactions in a Graph Including Quasi-Independent Factors in an Experiment Reasons for Including Two or More Factors in an Experiment SPSS in Focus: Computing a Factorial ANOVASection V * Analyzing, Interpreting, And Communicating Research DataChapter 14 * Analysis and Interpretation: Exposition of Data Descriptive Statistics: Why Summarize Data? Frequency Distributions: Tables and Graphs Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Variability SPSS in Focus: Central Tendency and Variability Graphing Means and Correlations Using Correlation to Describe Reliability SPSS in Focus: Cronbach''s Alpha and Cohen''s KappaChapter 15 * Analysis and Interpretation: Making Decisions About Data Inferential Statistics: What Are We Making Inferences About? Types of Error and Power Parametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree Nonparametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square Tests Effect Size: How Big Is an Effect in the Population? Estimation: What Are the Possible Values of a Parameter?Chapter 16 * Communicating Research: Preparing Manuscripts, Posters, and Talks Elements of Communication Writing a Manuscript: Writing Style and Language Elements of an APA-Style Manuscript Presenting a PosterAppendix A: APA-Style Writing, Sample Manuscript, and PostersAppendix B: Instructions for Randomizing and CounterbalancingAppendix C: SPSS General Instructions Guide and Statistical TablesGlossaryReferencesIndex.