CHAPTER 1 Teaching: A Career That Makes a Difference 1 Five Professional Commitments to Guide the Choices You Make 2 Commitment #1: Learning from Multiple Sources of Knowledge Throughout Your Career 3 Commitment #2: Using the Curriculum Responsibly 5 Commitment #3: Crossing Your Own Familiar Borders to Embrace Diversity 6 Commitment #4: Meeting the Needs of Individual Students in the Context of the Classroom and the School 7 Commitment #5: Contributing Actively to the Profession 7 The Role of Reflection and Action in the Choices You Make 8 The Rewards and Demands of Making a Commitment to Teaching 8 The Rewards of Teaching 9 A Case In Point: Influencing the Lives of Students--A Teacher''s Gift 10 The Demands of Teaching 11 Meeting Standards for Good Beginning Teachers 12 Teaching: Is It Really for You? 14 Making a Choice about the Kind of Teacher You Want to Be 15 COMMITMENT #1 LEARNING FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE THROUGHOUT YOUR CAREER 17 CHAPTER 2 Putting What You Already Know about Teaching into Perspective 19 Five Kinds of Experience That Create Prior Knowledge about Teaching 20 Knowledge about Teaching from Your Own Experience of Schooling 20 Autobiographical Knowledge about Teaching 23 Rewards and Challenges: Getting Started 25 A Case In Point: Natalie''s Story 26 Knowledge about Teaching from Working in Schools 27 A Case In Point: From Paraprofessional to Teacher 29 Knowledge about Teaching from Images in the Media 30 Historical Note: Catharine Beecher''s Image of Teachers 32 Digging Deeper: Is Teaching a Science or an Art? 35 Knowledge from Your Own Beliefs about Teaching 36 Philosophical Note: The Role of a Philosophy of Teaching 38 Observation and Interviewing: "Making the Familiar Strange" 39 Making the Familiar Strange through Formal Classroom Observation 40 Making the Familiar Strange through Interviewing 45 Final Pointers on Observation and Interviewing 48 Why It Counts in a Diverse World 48 CHAPTER 3 Learning to Teach:What Does It Mean? 57 The Research Is In: Good Teaching Matters 58 Who Governs Teacher Education and Certification? 60 What Do Prospective Teachers Study? 62 Subject Matter Content 62 Foundations of Education 63 Pedagogy 64 Field Experience in PK-12 Classrooms 65 Connecting the Elements of Teacher Education 66 Reforming the Preparation of Teachers: A National Commitment 67 Historical Note: Normal Schools and the Early History of Teacher Education 67 From Coursework to Standards: Increasing Rigor in Teacher Education 70 The Purpose of Standards in Teacher Education 71 The Role of Portfolios in Standards-Based Teacher Education 71 A Case In Point: How Portfolios Demonstrate What Teachers Know and Can Do 73 Good Teacher Education: A Shared Responsibility between Schools and Universities 74 A Case In Point: Working in a Professional Development School 76 The New Role of Testing in Preparing Beginning Teachers--Help or Hindrance? 76 Philosophical Note: An Essentialist View of Teaching and Teacher Education 78 Accreditation of Teacher Education Programs 79 National Accreditation 79 Accreditation and Standards: The Road to Greater Professionalization? 80 Digging Deeper: Do Standards and Accreditation Really Ensure Good Beginning Teachers? 80 Preparing Enough Teachers: Responding to Teacher Shortages 82 Shortages--A Cyclical Event in Teaching 82 Alternate Routes: A Solution to the Shortage? 82 Rewards and Challenges: From Teacher Education to the Classroom 85 After Formal Teacher Education: What Comes Next? 85 Induction--The First Stage of Your Career 86 A Case In Point: Mentoring a First-Year Teacher in an Urban School 87 Renewing Your Teaching License 89 Why It Counts in a Diverse World 90 CHAPTER 4 Learning from the History and Philosophy of Education 97 Historical Origins of American Education 98 Early Educational Efforts in the Colonies 99 Expanding Education, Literacy, and Civil Society 100 The Jeffersonian Ideal of Education 101 The Contested Problem of the Control of Public Education 102 Common Schools 103 The Late 19th Century: Building a System of Education 105 Digging Deeper: A Colonial Conflict in a Modern Setting: What High School Curriculum is Best? 105 The Limited Reach of Universal Education 108 A Case In Point: What Can a History of Educational Inequity Mean for Today''s Students 110 Into the 20th Century 112 The Historical Record and the Current Era: Enduring Dilemmas and Persistent Controversies 113 Philosophical Views of Education 114 Rewards and Challenges: A New Teacher''s Philosophy 115 The Map of Western Philosophical Concepts and Schools of Thought 115 Major Philosophies of Education 117 Philosophy and Purpose Revisited 120 Why It Counts in a Diverse World 121 COMMITMENT #2 USING THE CURRICULUM RESPONSIBLY 127 CHAPTER 5 Deciding What to Teach 129 Curriculum: A Multidimensional Concept 131 The Explicit Curriculum--What It Is and Is Not 131 Curriculum as What Is Taught 132 Curriculum as What Is Learned 133 What Isn''t Taught--The Null Curriculum 135 Curriculum Dilemmas 136 Developing the Curriculum: How Does It Work? 136 How Are Academic Content Standards Created? 137 What Do Academic Content Standards Look Like? 137 What Do Curriculum Guides Look Like? 138 A Case In Point: Developing a Teaching Unit 141 National Influences on Curriculum Development 143 Historical Note: The Influence of National Committees on Schooling and the Curriculum 144 Curriculum--Teaching with a Purpose 145 Philosophical Note: John Dewey and the Progressive View of Education 146 Beyond a Technical Approach--Special Curriculum Identities for Individual Schools 147 Digging Deeper: The Role of Basic Skills in the Curriculum 150 Making Sense of Standards, Accountability, and the Purposes of Curriculum 152 Rewards and Challenges: Making the Curriculum Meaningful 153 The Role of Textbooks in the Curriculum 155 How Teachers Use Textbooks 155 Textbooks, Standards, and the Curriculum 158 The Textbook Industry in the United States 158 Why It Counts in a Diverse World 161 CHAPTER 6 More Than "What Is Taught": School as a Social Institution 167 The Power of the Hidden Curriculum 169 The Hidden Curriculum and the School as a Culture 170 Benefits of the Hidden Curriculum 172 Liabilities of the Hidden Curriculum 173 A Case In Point: Current Events as the Hidden Curriculum 175 The Hidden Curriculum as a Commentary on the Social Purposes of Schooling 176 The Current Societal Context 176 Historical Note: The Emergence of the Common School 177 Population and the Schools 179 Changing Family Structures 179 Child Abuse and Neglect 185 Violence and the Schools 187 Digging Deeper: Will Smaller High Schools Meet Students'' Needs? 189 Teen Pregnancy 191 Drug and Alcohol Abuse 192 Addressing Social Dynamics by Changing the Regularities of Schooling 193 Redefining the Environment 193 Rewards and Challenges: Making School Work for Every Student 195 A Case In Point: The Salomé Ureña de Henriquez Campus, New York City 197 The Teacher''s Role in Promoting Competence 198 Philosophical Note: Meeting Individual Needs through a Humanistic Philosophy of Education 198 A Brief Word about the Extracurriculum 199 Why It Counts in a Diverse World 200 COMMITMENT #3 CROSSING YOUR OWN FAMILIAR BORDERS TO EMBRACE DIVERSITY 207 CHAPTER 7 Teaching Students Whose Race, Class, Culture, or Language Differs from Your Own 209 What Changing Demographics in the United States Mean for Teachers 211 Understanding Diversity as an Asset, Not a Deficit 213 A Case In Point: Deficit or Asset? 214 How Knowing about Your Students'' Lives Helps You Teach 216 Using Funds of Knowledge as a Resource for Student Learning 218 Devaluing Students in School: How Does It Happen? 219 What Teachers Communicate through Their Expectations 219 Historical Note: The Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court Decision 221 What Schools Communicate through Academic Tracking 222 A Case In Point: A Rude Awakening about Tracking 225 Addressing Diversity of Language in the Classroom 226 Digging Deeper: What about Bilingual Education? 229 Rethinking Teaching as a Culturally Responsive Profession 231 Culturally Responsive Teaching 231 Why "Celebrating Difference" Is not Enough 233 Rewards and Challenges: Honoring Students'' Cultural Differences 234 Beyond Cultural Knowledge--Multiple Perspectives and Social Transformation 235 Philosophical Note: Transforming Society through Social Reconstructionism 236 Recognizing Privilege and Power 237 "Not Seeing Color" as a Problematic Response to Diversity 238 A Special Responsibility--Teaching in a Monocultural School 239 Why It Counts in a Diverse World 241 CHAPTER 8 Teaching Students with Disabilities 249 A Broad Commitment to Equity for Students with Disabilities 251 Historical Note: Burton Blatt''s Campaign to Expose Institutions for Mentally Retar.