Preface Introduction Historical Background Current Status Future Directions Plant Design Scope of the Book References Basic Design Considerations Introduction Initial and Design Years Service Area Site Selection Design Population Regulatory Controls and Effluent Limitations Characteristics of Wastewater Degree of Treatment Choice of Treatment Processes, Process Train and Comparison of Alternatives Equipment Selection Plant Layout and Hydraulic Profile Energy and Resource Requirements Plant Economics Environmental Impact Assessment Problems and Discussion Topics References Wastewater Characteristics Introduction Municipal Water Demand Wastewater Flow Quality of Wastewater Characteristics of Wastewater Unit Waste Loading and Population Equivalents Problems and Discussion Topics References Wastewater Treatment Unit Operations and Processes, and Process Diagram Introduction Liquid Treatment Systems Sludge Processing and Disposal Problems and Discussion Topics References Predesign Studies Introduction Project Planning Facility Planning Preparation of Design Plans, Specifications, Cost Estimates, and Support Documents Discussion Topics Model Facility Plan Introduction Project Identification Objectives and Scope Effluent Limitations and Initial Design Period Existing and Future Conditions Forecast of Waste-water Characteristics from Service Areas Wastewater Treatment Process Alternatives Engineer''s Development of the Proposed Project Financial Status Description of Selected Wastewater Treatment Facility Environmental Impact Assessment Public Participation Program Cost Breakdown Time Schedule for Project Milestones Attachments Problems and Discussion Topics References Design of Intercepting Sewers Introduction Design and Construction of Community Sewerage System Information Checklist for the Design of Sanitary Sewers Design Example Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting in Sanitary Sewers Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics References Screening Introduction Types of Screens Design Factors for Bar Racks (Bar Screens) Equipment Manufacturers of Bar Racks Information Checklist for Design of Bar Rack Design Example Operation and Maintenance and Troubleshooting at Mechanically Cleaned Bar Rack Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics References Pumping Station Introduction Pump Types and Applications Types of Pumping Stations Hydraulic Terms and Definitions Commonly Used in Pumping Centrifugal Pumps Design of Pump Stations Manufacturers of Pumping Equipment Information Checklist for Design of Pumping Station Design Example Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Pumping Station Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics References Flow Measurement Introduction Location of Flow Measurement Devices Flow Measurement Methods and Devices Flow Sensors and Recorders Equipment Manufacturers for Flow-Measuring and Flow-Sensing Devices and Recorders Information Checklist for Design of Flow-Measuring Device Design Example Operation and Maintenance Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics References Grit Removal Introduction Location of Grit Removal Facility Gravity Settling Types of Grit Removal Facilities Grit Collection and Removal Quantity of Grit Grit Disposal Equipment Manufacturers of Grit Removal Facilities Information Checklist for Design of Grit Removal Facility Design Example Operations and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Aerated Grit Removal Facility Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics References Primary Sedimentation Introduction Flocculent Settling (Type II) Types of Sediment Basins Design Factors Enhanced Sedimentation Equipment Manufacturers of Sedimentation Basins Information Checklist for Design of Sedimentation Basin Design Example Operations and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Primary Sedimentation Facilities Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics References Biological Waste Treatment Introduction Fundamentals of Biological Waste Treatment Aerobic Suspended Growth Reactors Aerobic Attached Growth and Combined Attached and Suspended Growth Biological Treatment Anaerobic Suspended-Growth Biological Treatment Anaerobic Attached Growth Biological Treatment Biological Nutrient Removal Processes Secondary Clarifiers Equipment Manufacturers of Biological Waste Treatment Processes Information Checklist for BNR and Clarification Facilities Design Example Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Activated Sludge Treatment Facility Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics References Disinfection Introduction Methods of Disinfection Kinetics of Disinfection Disinfection with Chlorine Dechlorination Chlorine Dioxide Bromine Chloride Ozonation UV Disinfection Equipment Manufacturers of a UV Disinfection Facility Information Checklist for Design of a UV Disinfection Facility Design Example Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at UV Disinfection Facility Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics References Effluent Disposal Introduction Methods of Effluent Reuse and Disposal Information Checklist for Design of Outfall Structure Design Example Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Outfall Structure Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics References Sources of Sludge and Thickener Design Introduction Characteristics of Municipal Sludge Sludge-Processing Systems and Environmental Control Volume-Weight Relationship and Pumping Preliminary Operations Sludge Thickening Equipment Manufacturers Information Checklist for Thickener Design Design Example Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Sludge-Thickening Facility Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics References Sludge Stabilization Introduction Process Selection Anaerobic Digestion Aerobic Digestion Other Sludge Stabilization Processes Equipment Manufacturers of Sludge Stabilization Systems Information Checklist for Design of Sludge Stabilization Facility Design Example Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Sludge Stabilization Facility Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics References Sludge Conditioning and Dewatering Introduction Sludge Conditioning Sludge Dewatering Equipment Manufacturers of Sludge Conditioning and Dewatering Systems Information Checklist for Design of Sludge Conditioning and Dewatering Facilities Design Example Operation and Maintenance, and Troubleshooting at Belt Filter Press Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics References Sludge Disposal Introduction Overview of Sludge Disposal Practices Sludge Conversion Processes Land Applications of Municipal Sludge (Biosolids) Sludge Disposal by Landfilling Information Checklist for Design of Sludge Disposal Facility Design Example Operation and Maintenance, and Specifications Problems and Discussion Topics References Plant Layout Introduction Factors Affecting Plant Layout and Site Development Design Example Problems and Discussion Topics References Yar.