This incisive book provides a nuanced and authoritative analysis of referendums. Matt Qvortrup applies diverse theoretical and empirical approaches to show how direct democracy is being undermined from the top, and suggests innovative ways in which the referendum can be adapted to once again serve the interests of the many. Drawing on in-depth case studies, the chapters delve into the history, effects and political theory of direct democracy, and examine proposals for reform. Qvortrup explores these aspects through various lenses, from historical institutionalism to game theory, and considers different types of referendum including plebiscites, citizens' initiatives, ad hoc and constitutional referendums. Ultimately, the book argues that the referendum, with a few notable exceptions, is predominantly a strategic tool in the hands of the political elite. Understanding Referendums is an invaluable resource for students and researchers in political science, regulation and governance, law and public policy. It is also beneficial to journalists, political consultants and activists interested in referendums and political reform.